V prispevku etimološko razčlenjujemo romanske leksikalne izposojenke v dveh šavrinskih besedilih, ki smo jih zapisali v Novi vasi nad Dragonjo in Padni, in sicer med dialektološkimi terenskimi ...raziskavami, v okviru katerih smo poleg besedišča zapisovali tudi pregovore, pesmi in pripovedi v narečju. V slovenski Istri domačini govorijo poleg šavrinske različice istrskega narečja tudi rižansko podnarečje, oba različka sta prisotna le v zaledju slovenskih obalnih mest. Romanizmi v istrskoslovenskem narečju so posledica interference z istrskobeneškim narečjem (v novejšem času tudi s standardno italijanščino), saj je bilo romansko (obmorsko) narečje do nedavnega glavni istrski sporazumevalni jezik.
RNA interference (RNAi) functions as a potent antiviral immunity in plants and invertebrates; however, whether RNAi plays antiviral roles in mammals remains unclear. Here, using human enterovirus 71 ...(HEV71) as a model, we showed HEV71 3A protein as an authentic viral suppressor of RNAi during viral infection. When the 3A-mediated RNAi suppression was impaired, the mutant HEV71 readily triggered the production of abundant HEV71-derived small RNAs with canonical siRNA properties in cells and mice. These virus-derived siRNAs were produced from viral dsRNA replicative intermediates in a Dicer-dependent manner and loaded into AGO, and they were fully active in degrading cognate viral RNAs. Recombinant HEV71 deficient in 3A-mediated RNAi suppression was significantly restricted in human somatic cells and mice, whereas Dicer deficiency rescued HEV71 infection independently of type I interferon response. Thus, RNAi can function as an antiviral immunity, which is induced and suppressed by a human virus, in mammals.
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•Human enterovirus 71 (HEV71) protein 3A is a viral suppressor of RNAi (VSR)•VSR-deficient HEV71 induces viral siRNA production in somatic cells and mice•HEV71-derived siRNAs load into AGO and degrade cognate HEV71 RNA•The replication defects of VSR-deficient HEV71 can be rescued by Dicer deficiency
It remains unclear if RNAi is an antiviral immunity in mammals. Qiu et al. demonstrate that a human enterovirus deficient in the RNAi suppression activity of 3A protein triggers virus-derived siRNA production, and this virus-induced RNAi response indeed plays antiviral roles in human somatic cells and mice.
•CMi refers to the simultaneous performance of a cognitive and a motor task as DT.•CMi is assessed by various techniques able to measure the related brain activity.•FMRI studies showed ...additive/over-additive brain activity as multiple resources are needed.•Specific loci have been identified, although they may depend on the single components.
Cognitive-motor interference refers to dual-tasking (DT) interference (DTi) occurring when the simultaneous performance of a cognitive and a motor task leads to a percentage change in one or both tasks. Several theories exist to explain DTi in humans: the capacity-sharing, the bottleneck and the cross-talk theories. Numerous studies investigating whether a specific brain locus is associated with cognitive-motor DTi have been conducted, but not systematically reviewed. We aimed to review the evidences on brain activity associated with the cognitive-motor DT, in order to better understand the neurological basis of the CMi. Results were reported according to the technique used to assess brain activity. Twenty-three articles met the inclusion criteria. Out of them, nine studies used functional magnetic resonance imaging to show an additive, under-additive, over- additive, or a mixed activation pattern of the brain. Seven studies used near-infrared spectroscopy, and seven neurophysiological instruments. Yet a specific DT locus in the brain cannot be concluded from the overall current literature. Future studies are warranted to overcome the shortcomings identified.
In cognitive radio (CR) networks, there are scenarios where the secondary (lower priority) users intend to communicate with each other by opportunistically utilizing the transmit spectrum originally ...allocated to the existing primary (higher priority) users. For such a scenario, a secondary user usually has to tradeoff between two conflicting goals at the same time: one is to maximize its own transmit throughput; and the other is to minimize the amount of interference it produces at each primary receiver. In this paper, we study this fundamental tradeoff from an information-theoretic perspective by characterizing the secondary user's channel capacity under both its own transmit-power constraint as well as a set of interference-power constraints each imposed at one of the primary receivers. In particular, this paper exploits multi-antennas at the secondary transmitter to effectively balance between spatial multiplexing for the secondary transmission and interference avoidance at the primary receivers. Convex optimization techniques are used to design algorithms for the optimal secondary transmit spatial spectrum that achieves the capacity of the secondary transmission. Suboptimal solutions for ease of implementation are also presented and their performances are compared with the optimal solution. Furthermore, algorithms developed for the single-channel transmission are also extended to the case of multichannel transmission whereby the secondary user is able to achieve opportunistic spectrum sharing via transmit adaptations not only in space, but in time and frequency domains as well. Simulation results show that even under stringent interference-power constraints, substantial capacity gains are achievable for the secondary transmission by employing multi-antennas at the secondary transmitter. This is true even when the number of primary receivers exceeds that of secondary transmit antennas in a CR network, where an interesting "interference diversity" effect can be exploited.
In this paper, for the first time, we present a simple and straightforward method to improve not only electrical conductivity and complex permittivity but also electromagnetic interference (EMI) ...shielding effectiveness of reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/polystyrene (PS) nanocomposites through sulfur doping. Sulfur-doped reduced graphene oxide with thiophene-like structure (2.6at.% S), synthesized through a simple heating process of a mixture of graphene oxide and sulfur powder, revealed almost three times larger electrical conductivity (1095Sm−1) than undoped rGO (395Sm−1). The SrGO/PS nanocomposite showed not only 150% larger electrical conductivity and 50% larger complex permittivity, but also improved EMI shielding effectiveness (24.5dB) at a frequency of 18GHz than rGO/PS nanocomposite (21.4dB) at the same loading level of 7.5vol.%. Considering the simplicity and effectiveness of process, sulfur doping of graphene is expected to be used as a versatile method to improve EMI shielding efficiency of graphene/polymer nanocomposites.
RNA interference (RNAi), a newly developed method in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression, has recently received considerable research attention. In the development of RNAi-based therapies, ...nanoparticles, which have distinctive size effects along with facile modification strategies and are capable of mediating effective RNAi with targeting potential, are attracting extensive interest.
This review presents an overview of the mechanisms of RNAi molecules in gene therapy and the different nanoparticles used to deliver RNAi molecules; briefly describes the current uses of RNAi in cancer therapy along with the nano-based delivery of RNA molecules in previous studies; and highlights some other carriers that have been applied in clinical settings. Finally, we discuss the nano-based delivery of RNAi therapeutics in preclinical development, including the current status and limitations of anti-cancer treatment.
With the growing number of RNAi therapeutics entering the clinical phase, various nanocarriers are expected to play important roles in the delivery of RNAi molecules for cancer therapeutics.
In this paper, we study the downlink performance of a heterogeneous cellular network (HetNet) where both macro and small cells share the same spectrum and hence interfere with each other. We assume ...that the users are concentrated at certain areas in the cell, i.e., they form hotspots. While some of the hotspots are assumed to have a small cell in their vicinity, the others are directly served by the macrocell. Due to a relatively small area of each hotspot, the users lying in a particular hotspot appear to be almost co-located to the macrocells, which are typically deployed at some elevation. We assume a large number of antennas at the macrocell relative to the number of users simultaneously served. In this "massive MIMO" regime, the channel vectors become highly directional. We exploit this directionality in the channel vectors to obtain spatial blanking, i.e., concentrating transmission energy only in certain directions while creating transmission opportunities for the small cells lying in the other directions. In addition to this inherent interference suppression, we also develop three low-complexity interference coordination strategies: turn off small cells based on the amount of cross-tier interference they receive or cause to the scheduled macrocell hotspots; schedule hotspots such that treating interference as noise is approximately optimal for the resulting Gaussian interference channel; and offload some of the macrocell hotspots to nearby small cells to improve throughput fairness across all hotspots. For all these schemes, we study the relative merits and demerits of uniform deployment of small cells vs. deploying more small cells towards the cell center or the cell edge.
As the mass and complexity of objects, such as molecules and atoms, increase, they behave more classically than quantum mechanically. Certain small systems such as clusters and molecules are on the ...border line between the classical and quantum description. In this Colloquium, the developments in the interferometry of these systems are described as well as the new physics that they bring to light.
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