Lawlessness and economics Dixit, Avinash K; Dixit, Avinash K
2004., 20111023, 2011, 2004, 2004-01-01, 20040101, Letnik:
1
eBook
How can property rights be protected and contracts be enforced in countries where the rule of law is ineffective or absent? How can firms from advanced market economies do business in such ...circumstances? In Lawlessness and Economics, Avinash Dixit examines the theory of private institutions that transcend or supplement weak economic governance from the state.
In addressing humanitarian crises, the international community has long understood the need to extend beyond providing immediate relief, and to engage with long-term recovery activities and the ...prevention of similar crises in the future. However, this continuum from short-term relief to rehabilitation and development has often proved difficult to achieve. This book aims to shed light on the continuum of humanitarian crisis management, particularly from the viewpoint of major bilateral donors and agencies. Focusing on cases of armed conflicts and disasters, the authors describe the evolution of approaches and lessons learnt in practice when moving from emergency relief to recovery and prevention of future crises. Drawing on an extensive research project conducted by the Japan International Cooperation Agency Research Institute, this book compares how a range of international organizations, bilateral cooperation agencies, NGOs, and research institutes have approached the continuum in international humanitarian crisis management. The book draws on six humanitarian crises case studies, each resulting from armed conflict or natural disasters: Timor-Leste, South Sudan, the Syrian crisis, Hurricane Mitch in Honduras, the Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami in Indonesia, and Typhoon Yolanda. The book concludes by proposing a common conceptual framework designed to appeal to different stakeholders involved in crisis management. Following on from the World Humanitarian Summit, where a new way of working on the humanitarian-development nexus was highlighted as one of five major priority trends, this book is a timely contribution to the debate which should interest researchers of humanitarian studies, conflict and peace studies, and disaster risk-management.
Reed-Solomon (RS) code is one of the most widely used error control codes. The decoding algorithms of RS code can be briefly divided into hard-decision decoding (HDD) and algebraic soft-decision ...decoding (ASD). However, traditional RS decoding algorithms perform unsatisfactorily over bursty channel. Therefore, many modified RS decoding algorithms utilised in bursty channel decoding were proposed. However all of them are HDD and the computation is costly. In this study, the authors propose an ASD algorithm which can be utilised both in additive white Gaussian noise channel and bursty channel. In order to be utilised in multiple channel, the proposed algorithm combines original HDD-based low-complexity chase (HDD-LCC) and burst-error correcting (BC) together. What's more, BC is also modified by adding in the mechanism of pre-judgement to reduce the iterations of BC. The modified algorithm can give a coding gain reaching up to 0.1268 and 1.33 dB compared with BC and HDD-LCC, respectively when symbol error rate (SER) is $10^{ - 4}$10−4 in bursty channel. The proposed RS decoder is implemented and synthesised with Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation 0.13-μm CMOS technology library. The results show the proposed decoder can operate at 200 MHz to achieve the throughput of 1.673 Gbps.
The volatile components of the dried fruit of Luo Han Guo (Siraitia grosvenorii Swingle) belonging to the family Cucurbitaceae were analyzed by AROMASCOPE® technique using MonoTrap® DCC18 as an ...absorbent. A total of 124 volatile components were identified from the headspace aroma solvent extract. The major components were ethanol, butan-l-ol, pentanal, 2-methylbutanal, hexanal, furfural, pent-3-en-2-one, acetic acid, propionic acid, 3-methylbutanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, and so on. Among them, acetic acid, 3-methylbutanoic acid, and 3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethylfuran-2(5H)-one (sotolon) strongly contributed to the overall aroma of the fruit. Besides, sotolon and 5-ethyl-3-hydroxy-4-methylfuran-2(5H)-one (maple furanone) were responsible for the characteristic molasses-like aroma of the fruit.
This article demythologizes the expedient and costly operation for a “superpanopticon” in the Athens 2004 Olympics, the first Summer Olympic Games after the terrorist attacks of 9/11. The Olympic ...industry, reflecting international and interconnected political—economic, governmental, and corporate interests, exploited real and perceived terrorist threats to prescribe extremely high security requirements. The Athens 2004 Olympics was used as a testing ground for the latest antiterrorist superpanoptic technology, which crucially failed to work. The central surveillance integration security system (C4I), planned by Science Applications International Corporation, could not be implemented on time for the games; hence, the security of the last Athens Olympics was dependent on conventional means. Using primary and secondary sources, the article inquires into the interesting and troublesome story of the deficient electronic surveillance system, which became a technological nightmare. It raises serious skepticism about the real antiterrorist efficiency of high-tech surveillance systems.
Strain hardening behavior of ARMCO iron processed by ECAP Bolaños, J A Muñoz; Cobos, O F Higuera; Marrero, J M Cabrera
IOP conference series. Materials Science and Engineering,
08/2014, Letnik:
63, Številka:
1
Journal Article, Publication
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The strain hardening behavior of an ARMCO iron processed by ECAP at room temperature up to sixteen passes following route Bc was investigated through Hollomon and differential Crussard-Jaoul models. ...Results indicate that the Hollomon analysis shows some deviations from the experimentally determined true stress – true strain curves while the differential Crussard-Jaoul analysis based on the Ludwik equation and the modified Crussard- Jaoul analysis based on the Swift equation fit better when two work hardening exponents are considered. As expected, the strength of the material increased with the number of ECAP passes. Indeed the ultimate tensile stress reached a maximum of ~900MPa after 16 passes, which is more than three times higher than the UTS of the annealed material. Nevertheless, the strain hardening capacity of the material was reduced in comparison with the material without severe plastic deformation. For that reason the tensile ductility was also reduced at increasing ECAP passes. The increase in strength was attributed to the reduction of the grain size through refined sub-grains with high density of dislocations. After sixteenth passes the original grain size (namely 70 mm) was reduced down to 300 to 400 nm observing a good correspondence with the Hall-Petch relationship. The microstructural analysis, carried out by EBSD, showed an increasing amount in the fraction of high Angle Grain Boundaries (HAGB) after 1 pass due to the regeneration of the microstructure with a smaller grain size.
Purpose - Mutual understanding and cross-border synergy in international organizations largely depend on the efficiency of the language(s) used between employees in home and foreign markets. This ...study aims to provide insights in how language(s) can be applied efficiently in international companies.Design methodology approach - The study reports on a cross-cultural employee survey that was conducted in a Dutch international company intending to improve internal communications between Dutch-based and German-based employees.Findings - The study shows that although English is a popular language in internal contacts with foreign colleagues, it is not perceived to be equally effective across borders. The results indicate that language background affects experiences with passive as well as active language skills. This suggests that an English language policy can be feasible, but that promotion and facilitation of language use is needed for specific language groups.Practical implications - The study indicates that quantitative academic research can help international companies in formulating a relevant corporate language policy tailored to the needs of the organization.Originality value - The study uses insights from existing qualitative studies on corporate language in established multinationals to create a quantitative research instrument employed within a company with a relatively young internationalization strategy. As such, it contributes to substantiating previous research findings.
Offshoring software development activities to a remote site in another country continues to be one of the key strategies to save development cost. However, the assumed economic benefits of offshoring ...are often questionable, due to a large number of hidden costs and too simple cost calculations. This study is a continuation of our work on calculating the true hourly cost that includes the extra direct and indirect costs on top of the salary-based hourly rates. We collected data from an empirical case study conducted in a large international corporation. This corporation develops software-intensive systems and has offshored its ongoing product development from Sweden to a recently on-boarded captive company site in India. In this paper, we report a number of extra costs and their impact on the resulting hourly cost as well as the bottom-line cost per work unit. Our analysis includes quantitative data from corporate archives, and expert-based estimates gathered through focus groups and workshops with company representatives from both the onshore and the offshore sites. Our findings show that there is additional cost that can be directly or at least strongly attributed to the transfer of work, working on a distance, and immaturity of the offshore site. Consideration of extra costs increases the hourly cost several times, while the performance gaps between the mature sites and the immature site leads to an even higher difference. As a result, two years after on-boarding of the offshore teams, the mature teams in high-cost locations continue to be "cheaper" despite the big salary differences, and the most positive hypothetical scenario, in which the company could break even, is unrealistic. The implications of our findings are twofold. First, offshoring of complex ongoing products does not seem to lead to short-term bottom-line economic gains, and may not even reach breakeven within five years. Second, offshoring in the studied case can be justified but merely when initiated for other reasons than cost.
In a field of education, we need to introduce of International Education and Active Learning. We suggest education material and theme as the Global Engineering PBL education. So we developed the ...learning kit of sequence control. That is simple positioning control system which consist of PLC, sensors and some balls. It looks like game board, but that can change difficulty of the problem that the angle is changed and the number of the sensor is changed. Students cooperate to solve the problem that many balls are caught. This will be active learning and be PBL of the Problem Based Learning. We will implement of Global Engineering PBL between the NIT Sendai College and KMITL. We investigate how student's Generic Skill grows by implementation of Global PBL. We'll report on implementation of Global Engineering PBL and student's skill investigation in 3 years from now on.
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