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•The recent progress of flame-retardant coatings prepared by LBL assembly are summarized.•The categories, recent results, and principal mechanisms of LBL assembly are ...reviewed.•Assembled materials with different dimensions are summarized and reviewed in detail.•The new preparation methods and development trend of LBL assembly are also discussed.
Many polymers, especially polyurethane foam and fiber fabric, are particularly easy to burn and generate a large number of droplets leading to the rapid spread of the fire. Therefore, high-performance flame retardants or flame retardant technologies so is important to ensure the safety and reliability of polymer-based composites. In this respect, the flame retardant coatings prepared by simple and environmentally friendly layer by layer assembly could be especially important because they can improve the flame retardant performance of polymers while the intrinsic properties of the polymers remain unchanged. The present review summarizes the research progress and future development trends of flame retardant coatings, including intumescent coatings, non-intumescent coatings and multifunctional coatings prepared using layer by layer assembly; in particular, this review highlights the flame-retardant mechanisms of the assembled materials with different dimensions.
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•Cerium-based Metal-organic framework (MOF) was synthesized as an additive for the acrylic-based intumescent system.•Ce-MOF nanorods/Aluminum hydroxide (AlTH) synergistic effects on ...the fire-safety of thermoplastic acrylic was studied.•Synergism behavior of MOF and AlTH increased the heat-insulating index of the system.•The synergistic effect of the additives has improved the char forming and char strength.
The development of novel fire/smoke-retardant agents for the intumescent polymeric-based coatings has grown expeditiously in recent researches. The use of ammonium poly-phosphate, NH4PO3n(OH)2, (APP), pentaerythritol, C5H12O4, (PER), and Melamine, C3H6N6, (MEL) mixture has been acknowledged as the reliable intumescent system for the coatings. However, there are a number of auxiliary materials which have been introduced for these intumescent coatings with the aim of decreasing the heat transfer, smoke production, and radical release and also increase of char strength, corrosion protection, and mechanical properties of the coatings. In this work, we synthesized cerium-based Metal-organic framework (MOF) nanoparticles as an additive for the acrylic-based intumescent system. The synthesis of MOF was proved and characterized by FE-SEM, XRD, and BET analysis. The effect of incorporation of the obtained MOFs and Aluminum hydroxide (AlTH) and also the synergistic effect of simultaneous use of these additives in the intumescent formulation on the fire retardancy, morphological and mechanical properties of char layer, and also the mechanical properties of the coating were studied in detail. The results showed that the synergism behavior of MOF and AlTH increased the heat-insulating index of the system by about 17%, and decreased the heat release rate and smoke production rate to 24.78 KJ/m2 and 31.84 m2, respectively. The synergistic effect of the additives has also improved the char forming, char strength and also hindered the detrimental effect of the intumescence system on the mechanical properties of the coating. The intumescence mechanism of the proposed coatings was discussed in detail using the results of TGA and FTIR analysis and study of decomposition kinetic.
This work is focused on the development of single and hybrid fibers reinforced intumescent fire-resistant coating for steel protection. The methodologies were developed to measure the heat transfer, ...thermal stability, char expansion rate, chemical bonding and composition of char, residual mass percentage as well as morphology of an intumescent coating. By incorporating 2 wt.% of single basalt fibers in the intumescent coating, the substrate temperature remained stable at 184
o
C after 60 minutes of fire test. On the other hand, the hybridization of E glass with the basalt fiber IFRC-BE55-12 in intumescent coating resulted in higher substrate temperature . Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) confirmed IFRC-B2.5-12 formulation had a compact and dense char . The thermogravimetric analyses results also revealed that thermal stability of the fibers reinforced intumescent formulations was improved and the highest residual mass of 38.7% percentage was obtained for IFRC-B2.5-12.
•Amino phosphonate- and melamine-modified sol-gel coatings were developed.•The coating shows highly flame-retardant efficiency to PET/CO blended fabrics.•The coating exhibits flame-retardant ...activities in both condensed and gaseous phases.
Sol-gel coatings have long been applied to improve the flame retardancy of fabrics, but they often exhibit unsatisfactory flame-retardant efficiency for polyester/cotton blended fabrics. Therefore, an intumescent coating called DAM was constructed in this work by modifying 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane with amino phosphonates and melamine through neutralizition reaction of the ingredients. Then, DAM was deposited on the surface of the fabric as a homogeneous coating via sol-gel technique. It was found that DAM accelerated the dehydration of cotton at a relatively low temperature but did not influence the thermal decomposition of polyester. With DAM add-ons of 8% and 15%, the coated fabrics severally named DAM-8 and DAM-15, self-extinguished in horizontal and vertical flame tests, with liming oxygen index values of 23.0% and 26.0%, respectively. In the cone calorimetry test, the ignition of the fabric was slightly delayed owing to the presence of the DAM, while the total heat release and peak heat release rate of the DAM-15 were reduced by 26.1% and 46.3%, respectively. DAM showed flame-retardant activities in both condensed and gaseous phases. Hand assessment of the fabric via the PhabrOmeter system suggested that the presence of the DAM caused the coated fabric to be smoother but a little more rigid than the uncoated fabric.
Thermal protection of chemical storage tanks is very important when a fire accident occurs. Intumescent coating on the surface of the tank is one of efficient measures to prevent fire. It is ...essential to investigate the interaction between heat transfer and burning behavior of intumescent coating, which will affect the fire-proof performance of the coating. In this paper, ADP/MPP epoxy intumescent coatings were prepared by adding the intumescent flame retardants aluminum diethylphosphinate (ADP) and melamine phenyl phosphonate (MPP) into epoxy resin (EP). The heat transfer process and burning behavior were analyzed by temperature distribution, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), cone calorimeter and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the ratio of ADP and MPP, the intumescent characteristics and the structure of the char layer can affect the heat transfer of the coating remarkably. The residual char morphology analysis shows that the coating containing ADP and MPP is more capable of forming a well-structured char layer structure and shows a good thermal insulation performance.
•The relationship between heat transfer process and burning behavior were investigated.•SEM images were processed and statistically analyzed the porosity and bubble pore area of the char layer.•The epoxy intumescent coating containing ADP and MPP had better flame retardancy and thermal insulation properties.
•Thermal degradation of green biocomposites can reduced using a fire retardant.•Ammonium polyphosphate-tris (2- hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate (APP-THEIC) and boric acid forms an intumescent fire ...retardant system to protect the underlying material against fire.•Thermo-analytical investigation measures changes in signal with the course of chemical processes and reflects the kinetic nature of the changes taking place in the process.•Expended prout-Tompkins solid-state reaction model is used to determine kinetic parameters using NETSCH thermokinetics.•Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy are used to carry out the morphological analysis of the thermally degraded material.
This study focuses on the thermal degradation behaviour of a newly developed fire retardant coated Green BioComposite (GBC) and its kinetic analyses under inert and oxidative atmosphere. An intumescent fire retarding system comprised of Ammonium PolyPhosphate-Tris (2-HydroxyEthyl) IsoCyanurate (APP-THEIC) and Boric Acid (BA) is used to improve fire retardancy of GBC. Multiples formulations having different proportions of APP-THEIC and boric acid are developed to study the heat shielding effect and morphology of the material. The fire retardant coated GBC is characterised using Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). TGA showed similar thermal decomposition profile for fire retardant coated specimens except for E/20APP-THEIC/10BA showing reduced decomposition rate after 650 °C and higher amount of residual char as compared to other coatings. However, SEM images revealed better morphology for E/29APP-THEIC/1BA, which indicates improved thermal insulation to the underlying substrate. The evaluation of the degradation of such materials are quite expensive at industrial scale since the heating rates are extremely high and it was not possible to evaluate the thermal decomposition behaviour of the Intumescent Fire Retardant (IFR) coated GBC directly by TGA at very high heating rates. Therefore, it is imperative to develop predictive models for kinetics of degradation of such materials. In this research study, the controlled and IFR coated GBC has been thermally decomposed at three different heating rates and a predictive model for its kinetics of degradation has been determined. Kinetics Neo software package developed by Netzsch Company is used to establish a kinetic model for the decomposition of controlled and IFR coated green biocomposite. The decomposition mechanism and degradation products of the controlled (uncoated) and IFR coated GBC allowed for the interpretation of the kinetic decomposition models.
Intumescent coating is often used as a fire protection on steel members due to its attractive appearance and ease of use. In the case when the member is fully covered by the coating, the response ...during the fire can be predicted rather accurately. However, if the member is covered only partially, the member's temperature profile and the structural response during the fire are not trivial to define. Partially covered members appear e.g. in cases in which the member is coated on the building site, but some previously installed adjacent structures disturb the coating process. Such partially covered members have been studied in the literature mainly from the temperature point of view, but in the present paper, also the structural behavior during the fire is considered. The paper presents a general procedure how to define the resistance of a partially protected steel member during the fire. As a result, time‐resistance curves are defined for bending, shear and torsion and standard IPE and HEA profiles are used in the example simulations and the results are compared to fully protected and unprotected cases. The finite element method is adopted both for the thermal and structural analyses. The expansion of the intumescent coating is taken into account using the so called effective thermal conductivity, hence the same model can be used for both analyses. The simulated temperature results are validated against experimental and simulation results from previous researches. The results for bending, shear and torsion resistance show, that when compared to the unprotected case, the partial protection increases the resistances and the improvement is at its height during 15‐30 minutes from the beginning of the standard fire.
Concrete and reinforced concrete building structures (for example, such as tunnels) lose carrying ability in case of high‐temperature fire action. The aim of the research is to study the prevention ...of reinforced concrete structures (for example, such as tunnels) under fire action in case of using the proposed coating based on the alkaline aluminosilicate binder, which would not consist of organic components dangerous to health. The ratios between constituent oxides in the binder which ensure the ability to bloat the coating under fire action were determined. The performance properties of developed fire protective coating were defined after artificial aging (cycles of alternate drying and cooling) and fire action: bloating factor ‐ 2.0…5.1, adhesion strength ‐ 6.6…8.0 MPa, compressive strength ‐ 2.3…4.5 MPa, cohesive strength of 1.2…1.5 MPa, thermal conductivity coefficient ‐ 0.042…0.066 W/m‐°C, total porosity ‐ 92…97 %. The temperature at which the coating starts to bloat = 200…250 °C has been developed. The results of the test held in the open air suggested drawing a conclusion that with a coating thickness of 6 mm protection of the reinforced concrete from fragile fracture and from plastic deformations in the metal of the reinforcement they provided under fire exposure for a period of 3 hours.
The performance and working mechanism of a silicon-based intumescent coating system, comprising primarily silicone binder, fumed silica, and sodium silicate particles, were investigated. Water ...release from sodium silicate particles coupled with softening of the matrix, induced efficient coating expansion. The residual dehydrated silicates underwent ceramification at high temperatures, resulting in the formation of a compact and thermally stable heat barrier composed of SiO2. Optimization of the coating involved adjusting the amount of sodium silicate particles and introducing kaolin. The best-performed formulation, evaluated in a laboratory-scaled electrical furnace under UL 1709 fire scenario, exhibited a critical time of 56 min, which surpassed that of a commercial epoxy-based intumescent coating by 8 min.
•An intumescent coating system using silicone as the binder is presented.•Water release from Na-silicate particles induced coating expansion.•Expanded coating is compact and thermal stable, ensured promising fire protection.
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