Ustno izražanje v tujem jeziku velja za najtežje obvladljivo sporazumevalno zmožnost, zato smo raziskali tipologijo in številčnost nalog v učbenikih, ki se v slovenskem srednješolskem prostoru ...uporabljajo za poučevanje španščine. Primerjali smo učbenike osnovane na dveh različicah komunikacijskega pristopa in različnih ravneh, izhajajoč iz tipološko raznolikih nalog. V analizi smo poleg količine in tipologije nalog opazovali tudi stopnjo vodenosti posameznih nalog. Rezultati analize so pokazali, da ne prihaja do pomembnejših razlik glede na izbrani pristop, temveč glede na raven, in sicer pri nalogah, ki niso vodene, in pri delno vodenih nalogah.
Aktivno vključevanje učencev v učni proces in razvijanje ustnega izražanja sta značilnosti, ki prepletata vse analizirane učbenike, razlike (ki učiteljem nudijo možnost, da za svojo ciljno skupino in svoj slog poučevanja izberejo ustrezen učbenik) pa se nahajajo v deležu nalog ustnega izražanja, prevladujočih tipih nalog in dinamikah, ki so za uspešno izvedbo nalog potrebne. Prav raznolikost v tipologiji pri učencih spodbuja (ustno) jezikovno produkcijo.
Spodbujanje samostojne govorne produkcije učencev je prisotno že od začetne ravni in v obeh pristopih, saj je delež nalog, ki omogočajo le reprodukcijo, relativno majhen. V učbenikih so precej bolj poudarjeni dialog, komentarji, pogovori, skratka razvijanje samostojnih govorcev, opremljenih s strategijami in orodji za učinkovito, tekoče in natančno ustno izražanje.
Vsi analizirani učbeniki omogočajo ustrezno razvijanje govorne produkcije v španščini, saj (v primerjavi s številom nalog za druge jezikovne spretnosti) nudijo uravnotežen in tipološko raznovrsten nabor nalog.
Gene expression analysis by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) allows accurate and sensitive measurment of gene expression levels. However, a series of steps needs ...to be taken to ensure the relevance, accuracy, correct interpretation and repeatability of the RT-qPCR experiment. We describe here a simple experiment of determining relative gene expression for caspase 8 gene in chicken chondrocytes treated with an apoptosis inducing compound 5-fluorouracil. We use this example to point out some important guidelines in setting up a gene expression study in tissue cells, analyzing and interpreting the results and reporting on the findings.
Analiza izražanja genov z metodo reverznega pomnoževanja in kvantitativne verižne reakcije s polimerazo v realnem času (RT-qPCR) omogoča natančno in občutljivo določanje nivoja izražanja tarčnih genov. Vendar je za zagotavljanje točnosti, natančne interpretacije in ponovljivosti eksperimenta, predvsem pa relevantnosti rezultatov, pomembno natančno poznavanje korakov postopka. V tem prispevku opisujemo enostaven poskus, v katerem smo v celični liniji kokošjih hondrocitov, ki smo jih tretirali s spojino 5-fluorouracil, ki sproži apoptozo, določili relativno izražanje gena, ki kodira encim kaspazo 8. Ta primer smo uporabili za izpostavitev nekaterih pomembnih smernic pri oblikovanju študije izražanja genov v tkivnih celicah, analizi in interpretaciji rezultatov ter oblikovanju zaključkov.
Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of tobacco leaf disks with Agrobacterium tumefaciens (A. t.) strain LBA4404 and two plasmids (pCAMBIA1390-DsRed and pART27 2mgfp5- ER) was used for introducing ...red fluorescent gene (DsRed), green fluorescent gene (gfp) and corresponding selection genes (hptII for resistance to antibiotic hygromycin and nptII for resistance to kanamycin) into leaf discs of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). Epifluorescent microscopy with the appropriate set of filters did not reveal phenotypic expression of the DsRed gene in 6.9 % of regenerants and the gfp gene in 1.3 % of regenerants that were successfully grown on selective medium. The duplex PCR method also did not confirm the presence of fragments specific to DsRed or gfp genes in these regenerants, while the presence of fragments characteristic of selection genes hptII and nptII was confirmed. A built-in nptII gene mutation, a deletion, was detected in one regenerant. Out of the 139 regenerants generated after the transformation of A. t.-pCAMBIA1390-DsRed, 38 or 25.5 % successfully grew only on non-selective medium; after transformation with A. t.- pART27 2mgfp5-ER 9 or 5.4 % of the 161 generants grew successfully. PCR analysis confirmed in all regenerants the presence of fragments characteristic of both transgenes, which were not expressed or were silenced. The effectiveness of transformation after infection with A. t.-pCAMBIA1390- DsRed was 93.1 %, and 98.7 % after infection with A. t.- pART27 2mgfp5-ER. We established that both fluorescent genes are suitable for setting up a transformation system. The antibiotics hygromycin and kanamycin successfully prevented the growth of untransformed tissues, but the antibiotic timentin successfully prevented the growth of bacteria A. t. after the transformation.
Language development in toddlerhood & early childhood progresses very quickly, while individual developmental phases are the same irrespective of the language the child is acquiring. The aim of this ...longitudinal study was to examine the characteristics of children's language comprehension & expression, & their pragmatic use of language, as well as to determine the developmental language changes that occur between the ages of three & four. The sample involved 80 randomly selected children, 39 girls & 41 boys, whose average age at the first evaluation was 3,1 years & at the second 4,1 years. The research also involved the mothers & teachers of the children included in the sample. The children's language comprehension & expression were determined using a Language Development Scale, & their pragmatic use of language was assessed through testing their storytelling abilities. Their language competence was also evaluated by their teachers & mothers. The results highlight significant differences between three- & four-year-olds as shown by the Language Development Scale & by their storytelling abilities, as well as in the evaluations by their teachers & mothers. Among three-year-olds, stories at the 2nd level of coherence prevailed, i.e., containing simple descriptions of people, objects or illustrations, whereas four-year-olds most often told stories at the 3rd level, i.e., containing a simple temporal stringing together of events. The child's gender had no significant effect on development between the age of three & four. In interpreting the results, we drew upon the findings of both Slovenian & foreign authors relating to different aspects of language development in toddlers & young children. Figures, References. Adapted from the source document
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