•Identifies four shaping forces of the smart city conception.•Combines the four previous factors to illustrate the current situation in the smart city field.•Uses examples of applied smart city ...strategies to support the previous arguments.•Reaches conclusions based on each and the sum of the four factors.
Despite the ongoing discussion of the recent years, there is no agreed definition of a ‘smart city’, while strategic planning in this field is still largely unexplored. Inspired by this, the purpose of this paper was to identify the forces shaping the smart city conception and, by doing so, to begin replacing the currently abstract image of what it means to be one. The paper commences by dividing the recent history of smart cities into two large sections – urban futures and the knowledge and innovation economy. The urban futures strand shows that technology has always played an important role in forward-looking visions about the city of the future. The knowledge and innovation economy strand shows that recent technological advancements have introduced a whole new level of knowledge management and innovation capabilities in the urban context. The paper proceeds to explicate the current technology push and demand pull for smart city solutions. On one hand, technology advances rapidly and creates a booming market of smart city products and solutions around it. On the other hand, there is demand on the side of cities that seek to address the problems of efficiency and sustainability, making the ground fertile for a smart city product economy. The research route of this paper eventually allows the identification of the underlying – and often forgotten – principles of what it means to be ‘smart’ in an urban context and yields conclusions about strategic planning for the development of smart cities today.
Innovation starts with people, making the human capital within the workforce decisive. In a fast-changing knowledge economy, 21st-century digital skills drive organizations' competitiveness and ...innovation capacity. Although such skills are seen as crucial, the digital aspect integrated with 21st-century skills is not yet sufficiently defined. The main objectives of this study were to (1) examine the relation between 21st-century skills and digital skills; and (2) provide a framework of 21st-century digital skills with conceptual dimensions and key operational components aimed at the knowledge worker. A systematic literature review was conducted to synthesize the relevant academic literature concerned with 21st-century digital skills. In total, 1592 different articles were screened from which 75 articles met the predefined inclusion criteria. The results show that 21st-century skills are broader than digital skills – the list of mentioned skills is far more extensive. In addition, in contrast to digital skills, 21st-century skills are not necessarily underpinned by ICT. Furthermore, we identified seven core skills: technical, information management, communication, collaboration, creativity, critical thinking and problem solving. Five contextual skills were also identified: ethical awareness, cultural awareness, flexibility, self-direction and lifelong learning.
•Conducted a systematic literature review to examine 21st-century digital skills for work.•1592 different articles were screened from which 75 articles were included.•21st-century skills are broader and more often on conceptual level than digital skills.•We propose a framework of 7 core and 5 contextual 21st-century digital skills.
O objetivo deste artigo é, baseado na literatura científica, provocar uma reflexão sobre como a organização pode inovar e se reinventar por meio do aprendizado, quando consegue integrar novos ...conhecimentos, de maneira efetiva e ordenada. Metodologia: Para a construção deste trabalho foi realizada uma revisão da literatura, abordando os constructos sistema de inovação, economia do conhecimento, organizações aprendizes e inovação digital no setor financeiro. Os resultados encontrados evidenciam que para manter a sustentabilidade no mercado digital, os bancos tradicionais precisam superar obstáculos como: ausência da cultura de inovação; redução do prazo de entrega; e tornarem-se ágeis. Conclusões: O cenário mercadológico implica a necessidade do rápido aprendizado, em que as pessoas envolvidas promovam mudanças na organização. A inovação externa e a interação com empresas terceiras tornaram-se fatores importantes para a obtenção da vantagem competitiva e a aquisição de novos conhecimentos.
Observes the ‘postcapitalist era’, sharing knowledge economy, and new ways of working that have arisen in a dynamic form from the old capitalist system as a result of advances in information ...technology. Source: National Library of New Zealand Te Puna Matauranga o Aotearoa, licensed by the Department of Internal Affairs for re-use under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 New Zealand Licence.
This article begins with a brief review of research on the development of ideas about the knowledge-based economy (analysed here as 'economic imaginaries') and their influence on how social forces ...within and beyond the academy have attempted to reorganize higher education and research in response to real and perceived challenges and crises in the capitalist order since the mid-1970s. This provides the historical context for three 'thought experiments' about other aspects of the development of academic capitalism. The first involves a reductio ad absurdum argument about different potential steps in the economization, marketization and financialization of education and research and is illustrated from recent changes in higher education. The second maps actual strategies of the entrepreneurial university and their role in shaping academic capitalism. The third speculates on possible forms of 'political' academic capitalism and their changing places in the interstices of the other trends posited in these thought experiments. The article ends with suggestions for a research agendum that goes beyond thought experiments to substantive empirical investigations.
At present, what is important in the management of knowledge economy is to assess its current level and take measures for its development. What is important in establishing the statistical assessment ...methodology for the level of knowledge economy is to set the key indicators for assessment and to improve its assessment methodology. For the purpose of research, we conducted the theoretical research on the main concepts related to assessing the level of knowledge-based economy, and on this basis, we set the key indicators for assessment and suggested the general assessment methodology. The first part of the paper discusses the theoretical background for statistically assessing the level of knowledge-based economy. In this part, we discussed the features of knowledge resource as the source of economic growth and the features and the expressions of knowledge-based economy. The second part of the paper suggests the statistical assessment methodology for the level of knowledge-based economy. After illustrating the different assessment methodologies for the level of knowledge-based economy, we suggested the key indicators and the methodology for statistically assessing the level of knowledge economy, based on the essential features of knowledge economy described in the first part and prior studies.
Leadership is a kind of integrator of the problems of modern management science and practice, which leads to a continuing interest in the study of the personality of the leader and the models of his ...behavior and activities in modern society, in the management of organizations and processes. At the turn of the XX-XXI centuries, research in the field of leadership is very actively continuing, however, in general, it has changed its direction, shifting attention to the personality of the leader, the possibilities of his self-development and self-improvement for more effective leadership, internal motivation, the authenticity of the leader and his behavior, which was facilitated by the systemic crisis in business in developed countries, global problems of our time, the transition from the industrial economy to the knowledge economy. The article defines the fundamental differences in the leadership models of the industrial economy and the knowledge economy, and describes modern approaches to the study of leadership. It is revealed that modern leadership studies somehow develop the main directions of the study of leaders and leadership, set by classical concepts, but at the same time have significant distinctive trends that have formed in recent decades: the desire for collective leadership, the transition from transactional to transformational leadership, the development of leadership «deep» in the direction of self-motivation of the leader, a largely irrational approach to leadership.
Knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS) help manufacturing firms boost their innovation activities, yet the question of which kinds of resources and intermediaries KIBS need for their own ...innovation activities remains largely unstudied. The current article investigates whether clustered KIBS might need an intermediary to access innovation resources, by studying the effects of network administrative organizations (NAOs) on KIBS' resources for innovation. Using a survey of 53 KIBS in a French cluster, the authors find that NAOs directly affect both KIBS' internal and external resources for innovation. They also study the intermediary effect of NAOs on KIBS' absorptive capacity and provide recommendations for public policy to boost clustered KIBS' innovation intensity. Reprinted by permission of Blackwell Publishing
Rural decline is an inevitable process as human society transforms from the agrarian to the urban-industrial economy, and further on to the knowledge economy. Through an extensive literature review, ...this paper aims to interpret why some rural areas decline while some others do not. The findings show that it is by the interactions between rural areas and the external environment that rural communities either grow, decline or even vanish. The paper emphasizes the necessity to improve rural communities' resilient capacity through adjusting their internal components' function and structure to survive the external changes. In this process, rural livelihood diversification, the creation of market oriented institutions and strong social capital are considered to enhance rural resilience and build up sustaining rural communities. Finally, three conditions for sustainable rural development in the knowledge economy are discussed: 1) development of new economic activities that can respond to potential urban demand; 2) local entrepreneurship that can establish and expand these new activities; and 3) social capital that can support the entrepreneurship in new activities with access to credits, labor, human capital, external markets and external knowledge for learning and innovation.
•Rural decline is an inevitable phenomenon as human society transforms.•Interactions between rural areas and the external environment decide rural evolution.•Rural communities' resilient capacity must be enhanced against external challenges.•Collaboration within & between local actor groups is needed for rural revitalization.
•Neoliberalism through knowledge economy has affected English (higher) education in Indonesia.•English as a linguistic (cultural) capital can be accrued and transformed into a respected ...position.•Active communication should attentively be consecrated in university life.
The impact of globalisation and neoliberalism on education – in the form of a globalised knowledge economy and an increasingly corporatised university sector – continues to affect English teaching (hereby called English studies) in Indonesian higher education. In this context, English should be understood as linguistic capital, a significant part of cultural capital, that can be accrued then transformed by exchanging it for a respected position or another form of symbolic recognition. This article evaluates how English studies in Indonesia can enable Indonesians to navigate these global trends. Considering this system of interactions, each university should seek to increase students’ capital by ensuring that English proficiency is emphasised in university life so that students become familiar with it. Through this balanced practice of consecration, Indonesians can accrue legitimate English (linguistic) capital, which is valued highly in the global world – and which may have been overlooked by policy makers and curriculum developers.
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