V članku s korpusnim pristopom obravnavamo semantično prozodijo izbranih najpogostejših besed s področja družbene odgovornosti v letnih poročilih angleških in slovenskih podjetij. Semantično ...prozodijo razumemo kot izražanje vrednotenjskega pomena, ki označuje tipično sopojavljanje besed oz. frazemov z leksikalnimi enotami, ki imajo pozitiven ali negativen pomen, poleg tega pa semantična prozodija izraža tudi odnos pisca/govorca in je tako sestavina pragmatičnega oz. funkcijskega pomena. Pri preučevanju semantične prozodije se osredinimo na koncept lokalnih prozodij, skladno s katerim lahko besede v določenih žanrih vzpostavijo lokalne semantične prozodije, ki se tipično pojavljajo zgolj v teh žanrih. Zgradili smo specializirani korpus letnih poročil angleških in slovenskih podjetij, ga ločili na angleški in slovenski podkorpus ter s korpusno analizo določili najpogostejše besede s področja družbene odgovornosti v posameznem podkorpusu. Na osnovi kolokacijskih in koligacijskih vzorcev, predvsem pa na osnovi preučevanja širšega kontekstualnega okolja smo identificirali vrednotenjski in pragmatični pomen izbranih besed. Ugotovili smo pretežno pozitiven vrednotenjski pomen tako pri angleških kot tudi slovenskih besedah ter precejšnje podobnosti pri pragmatičnemu pomenu angleških in slovenskih besed. Razloge za to smo iskali predvsem v sestavi korpusa, ki vključuje besedila, ki pripadajo žanru letnih poročil. V zaključku članka smo izpostavili pomen semantične prozodije v pedagoški praksi.
Tijekom pandemije koronavirusa pojačala se upotreba digitalnih komunikacijskih kanala poput Zooma, Microsoft Teamsa, Skypea i Webexa. Budući da je riječ o softverima koji su izvorno dostupni na ...engleskom jeziku, javlja se potreba lokalizacije tih kanala na druge jezike. U ovom se radu na temelju kontrastivne analize proučava leksik hrvatskih i njemačkih verzija digitalnih komunikacijskih kanala u odnosu na njihove izvorne engleske verzije. Istražit će se leksik odabranih digitalnih komunikacijskih kanala na nekoliko jezičnih razina sakupljen sa sučelja i iz uputa za korištenje dostupnih u navedenim digitalnim komunikacijskim kanalima ili na njihovim odgovarajućim mrežnim stranicama. Središnji dio rada čini kontrastivna analiza odabranih izraza i pojmova iz korpusa s naglaskom na proučavanju njihovih morfoloških aspekata na tvorbenoj razini i prilagodbe značenja na semantičkoj razini na hrvatskom i njemačkom jeziku u odnosu na njihove pripadajuće izvorne oblike iz engleskog jezika. Cilj je analize pokazati kako su se njemački i hrvatski jezik prilagodili naglom razvoju digitalne komunikacije i digitalnih komunikacijskih kanala te koja su i kakva jezična rješenja za nove izraze pritom iznjedrili.
Based on the contrastive analysis of digital communication channels, this paper investigates the lexis of Croatian and German versions in relation to their English original versions. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the increased need for developing and improving new forms of communication which enable secure and easy understanding in real time, has led to frequent use of digital communication channels such as Zoom, Microsoft Teams, Skype, and Webex. Thanks to the daily use of these communication channels, digital communication has gained in importance more than ever before and has brought with it numerous new expressions that are added to the lexicon. Since English has been impacting the development of the language in digitalsurroundings and related domains, linguistic challenges such as finding equivalents for new expressions have appeared in other languages. In this paper the language of selected digital communication channels on several linguistic levels is investigated. In order to collect the corpus, interface, and instruction manuals available in the abovementioned communication channels or on their web pages were used. The central part of the paper is based on the contrastive analysis of selected expressions and terms from the corpus with an emphasis on their morphological aspects (word building) and meaning adaptation on the semantic level in Croatian and German, in relation to their corresponding original English forms. The aim was to show the extent to which Croatian and German have adapted to the rapid development of digital communication and digital communication channels, as well as linguistic solutions which have been introduced. Since the relevance of language changes has led to a growing number of new words and expressions in various languages around the world, this paper serves as a basis for further research on language changes in the digital environment in Croatian and German.
Rad je posvećen kvalitativnoj kontrastivnoj analizi stručnojezičnih kolokacija s imenicama kuća i house u diskursu arhitekture. Dvočlane kolokacije izlučene su iz specijaliziranih reprezentativnih ...usporedivih korpusa hrvatskih i engleskih stručnih arhitektonskih tekstova. Cilj je utvrditi sličnosti i razlike u kolokacijskom segmentu arhitektonskoga nazivlja u dvama jezicima s osobitim obzirom na ulogu makrokonteksta kao kognitivne mrežne konfiguracije stručnih znanja. Rezultati analize potvrđuju idiosinkratičku prirodu kolokacijskih odnosa čak i u jeziku struke, odnosno brojne nekongruentne varijabilnosti u pogledu konceptualizacije i leksičke realizacije. Stručnojezične kolokacije u ovome segmentu arhitektonskoga nazivlja najčešće nastaju sintagmatskim kombinacijama općejezičnih leksema. Ključnu ulogu u njihovu semantičkom profiliranju i transparentnosti ima makrokontekst koji djeluje kao kognitivni mehanizam koji upravlja procesima sintagmatizacije, leksikalizacije i terminologizacije. Analiza je teorijski utemeljena u suvremenom pristupu stručnim jezicima.
This paper is dedicated to a qualitative contrastive analysis of specialized collocationswith the nouns kuća and house in architectural discourse. Binary collocations wereextracted from specialized representative comparable corpora of Croatian and Englisharchitectural texts. The goal is to analyse similarities and differences in collocationalpatterning in architecture in these two languages with special emphasis on the role ofthe macrocontext as a cognitive configuration of professional knowledge networks.The analysis confirms the idiosyncratic nature of collocational patterning even in theprofessional language context, i.e., incongruent ways of conceptualization and lexicalrealization. Specialized collocations in this segment of architectural terminology aremainly created by syntagmatic co-occurrences of general language lexemes. Their semantic profiling and transparency primarily result from the macrocontext. It acts as acognitive mechanism that governs the processes of syntagmatisation, lexicalisationand terminologisation. The analysis is theoretically grounded in the contemporaryapproach to specialist languages.
Prispevek analizira učinke transferja med slovenščino in angleščino na področju malo raziskanih absolutnih in relativnih rab pridevnikov. Teoretična osnova, ki loči podsistema standarda (notranji, ...zunanji) in stopnje (osnovna, srednja, visoka), je nadgrajena s praktičnim preizkusom, v kolikšni meri slovenski študenti anglistike, katerih znanje je na ravni C1 in C2, na tem področju (neustrezno) prenašajo jezikovne strategije iz enega jezika v drugega. Rezultati kažejo, da študenti, vključeni v preizkus, ob prevajanju iz slovenščine v angleščino v veliki večini ohranjajo absolutne primernike, čeprav so ti v angleščini veliko redkejši. Po drugi strani tudi ob prevajanju v materni jezik znaten del študentov ohranja absolutne presežnike, ki so produktivna strategija v angleščini, v slovenščini pa se pojavljajo le redko.
U ovome se članku kontrastivno analiziraju odabrani hrvatski i engleski
frazemi leksičkog polja onima. Riječ je o frazemima kojima je sastavnicom
vlastito ime, odnosno toponim, etnonim ili ...antroponim. Cilj je rada bio
provesti kontrastivnu analizu navedenih frazema da bi se utvrdile podudarnosti,
sličnosti i razlike hrvatske i engleske onimijske frazeologije. Također se u
odnos stavljaju dvije kulture različite prošlosti i sociolingvističke pozadine,
jedne anglosaksonske, druge slavenske. Polazište analize su hrvatski frazemi za
koje se tražilo izrazne i/ili sadržajne ekvivalente. Kontrastivnom su analizom
frazemi podijeljeni u tri skupine kroz koje se uočavaju njihove podudarnosti i
različitosti, odnosno daje se pregled posebnosti dvaju frazeoloških fondova
uvjetovanih kulturološkom, socijalnom, političkom, povijesnom ili nekom drugom
značajkom.
In this paper
we analyse Croatian and English phrasemes with an onymic component, which can
either have a status of a toponym, an ethnonym, or an anthroponym. The aim of
the paper is to determine the similarities and the differences between Croatian
and English onymic phrasemes using contrastive analysis. Additionally, Croatian
and English are observed as two spatially and genealogically distant languages.
This is done in order to identify the differences and peculiarities conditioned
by cultural, social, political, historical or some other features. This paper
compares two cultures with different histories and sociolinguistic backgrounds,
one Anglo-Saxon, the other Slavic. The analysis has shown that phrasemes with
onymic components can be divided into three groups.
The first group consists of corresponding Croatian and
English onymic phrasemes, which means both phrasemes contain an identical
proper name, lexically as well as structurally equal phrase, and the same
motivation for the figurative meaning, i.e. background. The second group
consists of phrasemes that contain an identical proper name but are partially
different in phrase structure. The last group consists of Croatian and English
phrasemes that share the same meaning, but differ in phrase structure, the onymic
component, and background.
The
analysis has revealed that the third group was the largest (57,4%).
It can be concluded that phrasemes with an onymic
component represent not only human traits and life adventures, which are mostly
metaphorically mirrored through the prism of historical, biblical, and
mythological personalities or events, but that such phrasemes also complement
and enrich phraseology of many languages, thus bringing together and
strengthening the (shared) history of their nations and cultures. In addition
to phrasemes common to numerous languages, national phrasemes are extremely
valuable because they are a reliable indicator of the peculiarities of a nation
from which they originate, and their constituent elements reflect the customs,
beliefs, experiences, but also the perception of other nations and their
specificities.
Brojni su eponimni nazivi u uporabi u prirodnim i tehničkim znanostima. U radu donosimo kontrastivnu analizu primjera engleskih i hrvatskih eponima koji se upotrebljavaju u tim dvama područjima. Cilj ...je analize utvrditi razlike između dvaju jezika na ortografskoj, gramatičkoj, sintaktičkoj i semantičkoj razini. Eponime smo prema semantičkome kriteriju podijelili u pet skupina; odabrani su primjeri te klasifikacije također dio kontrastivne analize.
Eponymous terms are frequently used in the language of science and technology. The paper deals with a contrastive analysis of examples of English and Croatian eponymous terms used in the language of science and technology. Most eponyms are persons, real historical figures, after whom a concept, a phenomenon, a process or a discovery is named, however, eponym may be any toponym, i.e. a country or a city, a brand name and even anything bearing a name.
The goal of the analysis was to describe the eponymous terms with respect to their orthography, grammar, syntax and semantics and to establish the differences between the two languages. A semantic classification of the eponyms has been proposed and the examples presented in the classification were analysed and compared contributing to the linguistic analysis.
The contrastive analysis has shown that in most cases an English eponymous term is also an eponym in Croatian, but there are a few exceptions showing that there are some English eponymous terms that are not eponyms in Croatian and vice versa. Most eponymous terms are of a permanent nature, only the ones that denote devices or products that have become obsolete remain to be used as historical terms. It has
been found that in both languages there are pairs of synonyms in which one term is an eponymous term and the other one is a non-eponymous term. It was established that, firstly, such pairs are not always cognitive synonyms but near-synonyms, and secondly, that the meaning of non-eponymous terms is much more transparent than the meaning of eponymous terms. In terms of syntax, the differences between the two languages are naturally substantial as Croatian is a language with an extensive case system and English is a case-poor language. The semantic classification revealed a wide variety of concepts that are named after scientists and engineers, reflecting the fact that eponymous terms constitute a large portion of the specialized vocabulary of science and technology.
Prispevek obravnava jezikoslovne spolne kategorije v slovenščini in italijanščini, v prvi vrsti pri osebnih občnih imenih za nekatere javne funkcije (npr. minister, ministrica, il ministro, la ...ministra). Oba jezika poznata imena moškega in ženskega slovničnega in leksikalnega spola; referenční spol moških imen je širši, saj se lahko nanašajo na moške, moške in/ali ženske odnosnice, v italijanščini tudi le na ženske. Ujemanje kaže na vodilno vlogo slovničnega (in z njim prekrivnega leksikalnega) spola, čeprav lahko prevlada tudi referenčni, predvsem ko gre za spolno izključujoče kategorije kot pri analiziranih imenih za javne funkcije v italijanščini. Izbrane javne položaje so ženske lahko zasedale šele v 40. letih 20. stoletja, še danes so na teh položajih večinoma moški (izjema so sodnice), kar kaže na prevladujoč moški socialni spol.
Brojni su eponimni nazivi u uporabi u prirodnim i tehničkim znanostima. U radu donosimo kontrastivnu analizu primjera engleskih i hrvatskih eponima koji se upotrebljavaju u tim dvama područjima. Cilj ...je analize utvrditi razlike između dvaju jezika na ortografskoj, gramatičkoj, sintaktičkoj i semantičkoj razini. Eponime smo prema semantičkome kriteriju podijelili u pet skupina; odabrani su primjeri te klasifikacije također dio kontrastivne analize.
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