This book is a collaborative effort from three workshops held over the last three years, all involving principal contributors to the vine-copula methodology. Research and applications in vines have ...been growing rapidly and there is now a growing need to collate basic results, and standardize terminology and methods. Specifically, this handbook will (1) trace historical developments, standardizing notation and terminology, (2) summarize results on bivariate copulae, (3) summarize results for regular vines, and (4) give an overview of its applications. In addition, many of these results are new and not readily available in any existing journals. New research directions are also discussed.
U radu je ukratko prikazano shvaćanje strukture kopulativnih rečenica u svjetskom jezikoslovlju te problematizirana podjela na predikatne, specifikacijske, ekvivalentne i identifikacijske rečenice. ...Naglasak je na predikatnim kopulativnim rečenicama u kojima se u hrvatskom jeziku, kao i u pojedinim slavenskim jezicima, imenska skupina poslije kopule može ostvariti nominativom ili instrumentalom. Istražit će se ograničenja povezana s tom pojavom. Također će se na temelju primjera iz
korpusa analizirati može li se na hrvatski jezik primijeniti pretpostavka iznesena za ruski jezik da se instrumentalom izražava privremeno svojstvo, dok nominativom trajno. Utvrdit će se osjećaju li izvorni govornici tu razliku na temelju ankete u kojoj je sudjelovalo 106 ispitanika.
This paper analyses the structure of copular sentences and problematizes
their division into predicational, specificational, equative and identificational sentences.
Our emphasis is on predicate copular sentences in which the post-copular
NP can appear in the nominative or the instrumental case in Croatian, just like in some other Slavic languages. Occurrences of the instrumental case in copular predicates are extremely rare in south Slavic languages and there is some question as to when they appear at all. This paper presents the different theories about the occurrence of the instrumental case in predicative nominals (Mrázek 1964, Bailyn and Rubin 1991). Bailyn and Rubin (1991) consider the use of the instrumental case in secondary predicate adjuncts in the Russian language to be a language innovation, while Croatian and many other Slavic languages have a pattern that is found in the Old Church Slavonic
and Old Russian languages. The paper also analyses Croatian grammars, written before the 20th century, with the goal of determining when the instrumental case first appeared with the copula.
Many linguists (e.g. Jakobson 1936, Mrázek 1964, Wierzbicka 1980, Janda and Clancy 2002, Timberlake 2004, Geist 2006, Pereltsvaig 2007) consider
that the copular sentences with the nominative or the instrumental case
have different meanings in the Russian language: the nominative denotes
a permanent, inalienable property of the subject, while the instrumental denotes a temporary property. This assumption is analysed in the Croatian language based on the examples from the relevant Croatian language corpora.
We confirm the constraint, described in Croatian grammars, that the instrumental cannot appear with the copula in the present tense, but is possible in the perfect and future tenses. Cognitive grammar explains this by the application of the proximity principle: conceptual distance is related to formal distance. Therefore, the instrumental can appear with the copula in the perfect and future tenses, because there is distance between the subject and what he/she/it has been, or is going to
become. Conversely, in the present tense there is no distance, and therefore the pre-copular and post-copular NPs have the same case.
It is noted that nouns belonging to specific semantic groups appear in the instrumental case (profession, function, part of something, reason for something, goal, base etc.).
We conclude that the instrumental case denotes temporary, acquired properties, while the nominative case denotes permanent, inalienable properties. This conclusion is drawn using examples from the relevant Croatian language corpora and based on the fact that the instrumental cannot appear with present tense and that adjectives are rarely marked with instrumental. Furthermore, these conclusions were tested by examining native speakers’ linguistic intuition. Native speakers did not
recognize the semantic difference between sentences with a nominative predicate NP and an AP and instrumental. Therefore, our conclusion is that the instrumental case is related to style.
The century of education Morrisson, Christian; Murtin, Fabrice
Journal of human capital,
03/2009, Letnik:
3, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
This paper presents a historical database on educational attainment in 74 countries for the period 1870–2010, using perpetual inventory methods before 1960 and then the Cohen and Soto database. We ...use a measurement error framework to merge the two databases, while correcting for a systematic measurement bias in Cohen and Soto's study linked to differential mortality across educational groups. Descriptive statistics show a continuous spread of education that has accelerated in the second half of the twentieth century. We find evidence of fast convergence in years of schooling for a subsample of advanced countries during the 1870–1914 globalization period and of modest convergence since 1980. Less advanced countries have been excluded from the convergence club in both cases.
Dalam statistika salah satu ukuran untuk melihat ketergantungan antara dua peubah adalah dengan menggunakan koefisien korelasi. Namun, dalam banyak aplikasi finansial terutama manajemen risiko ...finansial penggunaan korelasi kadang tidaklah tepat. Salah satu contoh kelemahan korelasi adalah ketidakmampuan korelasi untuk menangkap hubungan nonlinear antara dua peubah. Selain itu, sifat-sifat umum korelasi yang dikenal biasanya hanya berlaku pada distribusi eliptik. Untuk itu diperlukan suatu metode untuk mengeksplorasi struktur ketergantungan antarpeubah tersebut. Metode ini adalah kopula. Tujuan artikel ini adalah memberikan tutorial singkat tentang kopula dan estimasinya.
The fourth volume in the VARGReB series presents an in-depth investigation of Lithuanian copular constructions from the viewpoint of Cognitive Grammar. Apart from the fundamental problems of the ...ontology and taxonomy of copular sentences, the author also discusses a number of more specific questions on which the Lithuanian data, contrasted with those of English and other languages hitherto dealt with in the literature, can shed an interesting light, such as the nature and distinctive features of specificationals, the problem of subjecthood in this subtype of copular constructions, the aspectual semantics of copular sentences, etc. The attention given to the grammatical context of copular constructions and the multifarious relationships linking them to other construction types enhances the book's relevance to the field of Lithuanian studies, whereas the dialogue and confrontation between the Cognitive perspective adopted by the author and the more formal approaches hitherto applied to the problem of copular sentences will add to its interest for the general reader.
Simulating copulas Mai, Jan-Frederik; Mai, Jan-Frederik; Scherer, Matthias
2012., 20120626, 2012-06-26, Letnik:
4
eBook
This book provides the reader with a background on simulating copulas and multivariate distributions in general. It unifies the scattered literature on the simulation of various families of copulas ...(elliptical, Archimedean, Marshall-Olkin type, etc.) as well as on different construction principles (factor models, pair-copula construction, etc.). The book is self-contained and unified in presentation and can be used as a textbook for advanced undergraduate or graduate students with a firm background in stochastics. Alongside the theoretical foundation, ready-to-implement algorithms and many examples make this book a valuable tool for anyone who is applying the methodology.
This work is the first comprehensive description of Sumerian constructions involving a copula. Using around 400 fully glossed examples, it gives a thorough analysis of all uses of the copula, which ...is one of the least understood and most frequently misinterpreted and consequently mistranslated morphemes in Sumerian. It starts with a concise introduction into the grammatical structure of Sumerian, followed by a study that is accessible to both linguists and sumerologists, as it applies the terminology of modern descriptive linguistics. It provides the oldest known and documented example of the path of grammaticalization that leads from a copula to a focus marker. It gives the description of Sumerian copular paratactic relative clauses, which make use of an otherwise only scarcely attested relativization strategy. At the end of the book, the reader will have a clear picture about the morphological and syntactic devices used to mark identificational, polarity and sentence focus in Sumerian, one of the oldest documented languages in the world.
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