This third edition of Historical Dictionary of Cote d'Ivoire (The Ivory Coast) contains a chronology, an introduction, appendixes, and an extensive bibliography. The dictionary section has over 700 ...cross-referenced entries on important personalities, politics, economy, foreign relations, religion, and culture.
Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi pojavnost oštećenja prsne kosti kod kokoši nesilica držanih u obogaćenim kavezima, štalskom višeetažnom sustavu te slobodnom sustavu držanja. Istraživanje je ...provedeno od strane 4 palpatora kojima je slučajnim odabirom nesilica iz svakog od tri sustava držanja bilo dodijeljeno 16 istih kokoši nesilica, ukupno 48 kokoši po svakom palpatoru. Pojavnost lomova prsne kosti bila je u volijerama 81,25 %, kod slobodnog sustava 57,75 %, a kod obogaćenih kaveza 17,19 %. Devijacije prsnih kosti su bile najizraženije kod držanja u obogaćenim kavezima (78,13 %), zatim kod držanja u volijerama (65,63 %) te kod slobodnog sustava držanja (57,81 %). Rezultati pokazuju da su u prosjeku mjesta loma kod obogaćenih kaveza i slobodnog sustava pozicionirana u zadnjoj trećini prsne kosti, dok su kod štalskog višeetažnog sustava lomovi u prosjeku bili locirani u središnjem dijelu prsne kosti. Devijacije su kod sva tri sustava držanja kokoši nesilica bile prisutne na prijelazu iz prednje u srednju trećinu prsne kosti. Dobiveni rezultati u provedenom istraživanju potvrđuju dosadašnje spoznaje o smanjenoj dobrobiti kokoši nesilica u obogaćenim kavezima glede devijacije i lomova prsne kosti u alternativnim sustavima držanja. Potrebno je provesti daljnja istraživanja koja bi uključila i utjecaj ovih oštećenja na proizvodnost kokoši nesilica.
The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of keel bone damage in laying hens kept in enriched cages, in aviaries, and in a free-range system. The study was conducted by 4 palpators who were randomly assigned 16 laying hens from each of three housing systems, i.e., a total of 48 hens per palpator. The incidence of keel bone fractures was 81.25 % in aviaries, 57.75 % in the free-range system, and 17.19 % in enriched cages. Deviations of the sternum were most pronounced in enriched cages (78.13 %), then in aviaries (65.63 %), and in the free-range system (57.81 %). The results indicate that on average the fracture sites in the enriched cages and free system were located in the posterior third of the sternum, while in the aviaries, the fractures were located on average in the central part of the sternum. Deviations in all three laying hen housing systems were present at the transition from the anterior to the middle third of the sternum. The results obtained in the study confirm the current knowledge about the reduced welfare of laying hens in alternative housing systems regarding deviation and keel bone fractures. Further research is needed to include the impact of these damages productivity of laying hens.
Ziel dieser Studie war es, die Häufigkeit von Brustbeinschäden bei Legehennen zu bestimmen, die in ausgestalteten Käfigen, in Volieren und in einem Freilandhaltungssystem gehalten werden. Die Studie wurde von 4 Palpatoren durchgeführt, denen nach dem Zufallsprinzip 16 Legehennen aus jedem der drei Haltungssysteme zugeteilt wurden, d. h. insgesamt 48 Hennen pro Palpator. Die Häufigkeit von Brustbeinfrakturen betrug 81,25 % in Volieren, 57,75 % in der Freilandhaltung und 17,19 % in ausgestalteten Käfigen. Abweichungen des Brustbeins waren in ausgestalteten Käfigen am stärksten ausgeprägt (78,13 %), danach in Volieren (65,63 %) und in der Freilandhaltung (57,81 %). Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich die Bruchstellen in den ausgestalteten Käfigen und in der Freilandhaltung im Durchschnitt im hinteren Drittel des Brustbeins befanden, während die Brüche in den Volieren im Durchschnitt im mittleren Teil des Brustbeins lagen. Abweichungen in allen drei Haltungssystemen für Legehennen traten am Übergang vom vorderen zum mittleren Drittel des Brustbeins auf. Die in der Studie erzielten Ergebnisse bestätigen das derzeitige Wissen über das geringere Wohlergehen von Legehennen in alternativen Haltungssystemen in Bezug auf Abweichungen und Brustbeinfrakturen. Weitere Forschungen sind erforderlich, um die Auswirkungen dieser Schäden auf die Produktivität von Legehennen zu untersuchen.
El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la incidencia del daño en los huesos del esternón en gallinas ponedoras mantenidas en las jaulas enriquecidas, en un sistema de aviario multinivel y un sistema de alojamiento libre. La investigación fue realizada por 4 palpadores a los que se les asignaron aleatoriamente 16 gallinas ponedoras de cada uno de los tres sistemas de alojamiento, un total de 48 gallinas por cada palpador. La incidencia de fracturas de huesos del esternón fue 81,25 % en aviarios, 57,75 % en el sistema libre y 17,19 % en jaulas enriquecidas. Las desviaciones de los huesos pectorales fueron más pronunciadas en jaulas enriquecidas (78,13 %), luego en los aviarios (65,63 %) y en un sistema libre (57,81 %). Los resultados indican que en promedio los sitios de fractura en las jaulas enriquecidas y el sistema libre se ubicaron en el tercio posterior del esternón, mientras que en los aviarios, las fracturas se ubicaron en promedio en la parte central del esternón. Las desviaciones en los tres sistemas de mantenimiento de gallinas ponedoras estaban presentes en la transición del tercio anterior al tercio medio del esternón. Los resultados obtenidos en la investigación realizada confirman el conocimiento previo sobre la reducción del bienestar de las gallinas ponedoras en jaulas enriquecidas con respecto a la desviación y fracturas del esternón en sistemas alternativos de alojamiento. Es necesario realizar más investigaciones que incluyan el impacto de estos daños en la productividad de las gallinas ponedoras.
Questo studio aveva come scopo quello di determinare l’incidenza del danno alla carena dello sterno nelle galline ovaiole allevate in gabbie arricchite, negli impianti a voliera multipiano e in impianti all’aperto. Lo studio è stato condotto da 4 palpatori ai quali, con il metodo della selezione casuale, sono state assegnate 16 galline ovaiole provenienti da ciascuno dei tre sistemi di allevamento, per un totale di 48 galline per palpatore. L’incidenza delle fratture della carena dello sterno è stata dell’81,25% nelle voliere, del 57,75% tra le galline ruspanti e del 17,19% nelle gabbie arricchite. Le deviazioni dello sterno sono risultate più frequenti tra le galline tenute nelle gabbie arricchite (78,13%), seguite da quelle tenute in voliera (65,63%) e dalle galline ruspanti (57,81%). I risultati mostrano che, in media, le fratture della carena nelle galline tenute nelle gabbie arricchite e all’aperto si concentrano nel terzo posteriore dello sterno, mentre nel sistema a voliera multipiano le fratture si localizzano, in media, nella parte centrale dello sterno. Sono state rilevate deviazioni nel passaggio dal terzo anteriore al terzo medio dello sterno in tutti e tre i sistemi di stabulazione delle galline ovaiole. I risultati ottenuti nella ricerca condotta confermano i precedenti risultati sulla riduzione del benessere delle galline ovaiole in gabbie arricchite per quanto riguarda deviazioni e fratture alla carena dello sterno in sistemi di stabulazione alternativi. Sono necessarie ulteriori ricerche per comprendere l’impatto di questi danni sulla produttività delle galline ovaiole.
This edition updates the scholarship on ancestor worship--with the addition of three new chapters. The book serves as an invaluable resource for those interested in African religion and symbolic ...representation and praxis of ancestor worship. The study examines Akan conception of God, the abosom, religious symbols, and annual festivities.
The idea that human beings are inextricably bound to one another is at the heart of this book about African agency, especially drawing on the African philosophy Ubuntu, with its roots in human ...sociality and inclusivity. Ubuntu's precepts and workings are severely tested in these times of rapid change and multiple responsibilities. Africans negotiate their social existence between urban and rural life, their continental and transcontinental distances, and all the market forces that now impinge, with relationships and loyalties placed in question. Between ideal and reality, dreams and schemes, how is Ubuntu actualized, misappropriated and endangered? The book unearths the intrigues and contradictions that go with inclusivity in Africa. Basing his argument on the ideals of trust, conviviality and support embodied in the concept of Ubuntu, Francis Nyamnjoh demonstrates how the pursuit of personal success and even self-aggrandizement challenges these ideals, thus leading to discord in social relationships. Nyamnjoh uses a popular Ivorian drama with the same title to substantiate life-world realities and more importantly to demonstrate that new forms of expression, from popular drama to fiction, thicken and enrich the ethnographic component in current anthropology.
Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, Ivory Coast was touted as an
African miracle, a poster child for modernization and the ways that
Western aid and multinational corporations would develop the
...continent. At the same time, Marxist scholars-most notably Samir
Amin-described the capitalist activity in Ivory Coast as empty,
unsustainable, and incapable of bringing real change to the lives
of ordinary people. To some extent, Amin's criticisms were
validated when, in the 1980s, the Ivorian economy collapsed.
In African Miracle, African Mirage, Abou B. Bamba
incorporates economics, political science, and history to craft a
bold, transnational study of the development practices and
intersecting colonial cultures that continue to shape Ivory Coast
today. He considers French, American, and Ivorian development
discourses in examining the roles of hydroelectric projects and the
sugar, coffee, and cocoa industries in the country's boom and bust.
In so doing, he brings the agency of Ivorians themselves to the
fore in a way not often seen in histories of development.
Ultimately, he concludes that the "maldevelopment" evident by the
mid-1970s had less to do with the Ivory Coast's "insufficiently
modern" citizens than with the conflicting missions of French and
American interests within the context of an ever-globalizing
world.
As an important determinant of osteoporotic fracture risk, peak bone density tends to be higher in men than in women. The aim of this study was to see whether young men and women differed in the time ...and skeletal region of peak bone density. We also investigated the influence of diet and physical activity on bone mass. The study group included 51 male and 75 female students aged 19 to 25 years. Bone mineral density was measured for the spine, total femur, and the distal third of the radius using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Dietary data were obtained using a specially designed semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Bone mineral density (BMD; g cm-2) was higher in boys than in girls at all measured sites, while bone mineral apparent density (BMAD; g cm-3) was higher in girls. Age negatively correlated with bone mineral density in all measured sites except in the boys' spine. Sodium, protein, and fibres were nutrients that significantly correlated with bone mineral density. The study suggests that boys achieve peak bone density later than girls, and that this delay is the most prominent in the spine. In our study group, this difference could not be explained by different nutrition or the level of physical activity.
Vršna koštana masa važna je odrednica nastanka osteoporotskih prijeloma i poznato je da je veća u muškaraca nego u žena. Cilj istraživanja bio je analizirati razlike u postizanju vršne koštane mase na različitim regijama skeleta između mladih muškaraca i žena. Također je procijenjen utjecaj prehrane i tjelesne aktivnosti na mineralnu gustoću kostiju. Ispitanici su studenti u dobi od 19 do 25 godina, 51 muškog i 75 ženskog spola. Mineralna gustoća kostiju određena je metodom dvoenergetske apsorpciometrije X-zraka na kralježnici, ukupnom femuru i distalnoj trećini radijusa. Podaci o prehrani dobiveni su semikvantitativnim upitnikom o prehrani. Mineralna gustoća kostiju (BMD; g cm-2) bila je veća u studenata na svim mjerenim regijama, dok je procijenjena volumetrijska koštana gustoća (BMAD; g cm-3) bila veća u studentica. U studenata obaju spolova vrijednosti mineralne gustoće kostiju smanjuju se s porastom dobi, jedino se s dobi povećava mineralna gustoća kralježnice u muških studenata. Unos proteina, natrija i vlakana značajno je povezan s koštanom masom. Dobiveni rezultati upućuju na zaključak da muškarci kasnije postižu vršnu koštanu masu, što je najizraženije na kralježnici. U ispitivanoj grupi te se razlike ne mogu objasniti mogućim razlikama u prehrani i/ili tjelesnoj aktivnosti između muških i ženskih ispitanika.
How easy is it for rebel groups to purchase weapons and ammunition in the middle of a war? How quickly can commodities such as diamonds and cocoa be converted into cash to buy war supplies? And why ...does answering these questions matter for understanding civil wars? InWhat Rebels Want, Jennifer M. Hazen challenges the commonly held view that rebel groups can get what they want, when they want it, and when they most need it. Hazen's assessments of resource availability in the wars in Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Côte d'Ivoire lead to a better understanding of rebel group capacity and options for war and war termination.
Resources entail more than just cash; they include various other economic, military, and political goods, including natural resources, arms and ammunition, safe haven, and diplomatic support. However, rebel groups rarely enjoy continuous access to resources throughout a conflict. Understanding fluctuations in fortune is central to identifying the options available to rebel groups and the reasons why a rebel group chooses to pursue war or peace. The stronger the group's capacity, the more options it possesses with respect to fighting a war. The chances for successful negotiations and the implementation of a peace agreement increase as the options of the rebel group narrow. Sustainable negotiated solutions are most likely, Hazen finds, when a rebel group views negotiations not as one of the solutions for obtaining what it wants, but as the only solution.
Although they came from distinct polities and peoples who spoke different languages, slaves from the African Gold Coast were collectively identified by Europeans as "Coromantee" or "Mina." Why these ...ethnic labels were embraced and how they were utilized by enslaved Africans to develop new group identities is the subject of Walter C. Rucker's absorbing study. Rucker examines the social and political factors that contributed to the creation of New World ethnic identities and assesses the ways displaced Gold Coast Africans used familiar ideas about power as a means of understanding, defining, and resisting oppression. He explains how performing Coromantee and Mina identity involved a common set of concerns and the creation of the ideological weapons necessary to resist the slavocracy. These weapons included obeah powders, charms, and potions; the evolution of "peasant" consciousness and the ennoblement of common people; increasingly aggressive displays of masculinity; and the empowerment of women as leaders, spiritualists, and warriors, all of which marked sharp breaks or reformulations of patterns in their Gold Coast past.
Liječenje fraktura klavikule je prevenstveno ambulantno. Operativno liječenje zahtijeva dodatne rentgenske snimke i praćeno je mogućim komplikacijama. Frakture s apsolutnom indikacijom za operativno ...liječenje se pojavljuju sporadično i te indikacije su jasne, ali često djeca budu operirana zbog relativnih indikacija koje nisu sasvim jasne. U retrospektivnoj studiji na 256 djece, od kojih je 44 (17%) operativno liječeno, samo jedan dječak od 17 godina je imao apsolutnu indikaciju za operaciju. Ostale indikacije su bile distrakcija (prosječno 22 mm), dob, udružene ozljede i multifragmentarne frakture. Postavljanje Kirschnerove žice odgovarajuće debljine je često nemoguće zbog savijanja i pucanja žice pa bolesnici moraju ići
na dva dodatna zahvata, fiksaciju pločicom i vijcima i vađenje osteosintetskog materijala. U sklopu ove studije razmotrili smo prednosti korištenja titanskog čavla. Svi bolesnici su imali dobar ishod, iako se u određenom broju operiranih pojavila utrnutost oko ožiljka (4,5%), infekcija rane (15%) i oštećenje Kirschnerove žice (7%).
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