In the late Middle Ages and early modern times, able-bodied men between sixteen and sixty years of age were called upon all over Europe to participate in raids, sieges and battles, for the defense of ...home and hearth. Because these men are regarded as amateurs, military historiography has paid little attention to their efforts. This book aims to change that by studying the mobilization, organization and weaponry of popular levies for a time when war was frequently waged between states in the making. Central to the book is the composition and development of the rural and urban militias in Friesland, dissected in a comparative Northwest European perspective, along with an examination of why the self-defense of the Frisians ultimately failed in their efforts to preserve their political autonomy. The main source is an extensive series of muster lists from 1552 that have survived for six cities and fourteen rural districts.
it La presente comunicazione si inserisce in una indagine dedicata al dissenso disciplinato nell’Europa tardomedievale e si occupa di analizzare questo spazio negoziale cruciale per la costruzione ...dei domini territoriali nel contesto di una signoria dell’Italia centro-settentrionale, la Mantova dei Gonzaga, tra Tre e Quattrocento. Le fonti considerate sono principalmente lettere e suppliche: la ricerca verte infatti sulle modalità di comunicazione politica fra i Gonzaga e le comunità del territorio mantovano e rivela l’esistenza di spazi discorsivi importanti e il loro mutare nel tempo.
Estudio diplomático de los diferentes ensayos tipológicos sobre papel para despachar cartas de confirmación empleados por la cancillería del príncipe Alfonso de Trastámara bajo título real, y por los ...Reyes Católicos hasta el fin de la guerra de sucesión contra Alfonso V de Portugal y Juana la Beltraneja, abordando en particular formularios y elementos de validación a fin de determinar con detalle las diferencias con los modelos oficiales en pergamino. Por último, se aborda la elección de la estructura propia de las cartas de merced para la creación de un nuevo arquetipo ratificatorio en papel con que hacer frente a la acuciante necesidad de agilizar su tramitación.
Premda se može činiti kako je svijet visoke politike u kojima su se diplomatske aktivnosti ostvarivale bio lišen emotivne komponente, kasnosrednjovjekovni dubrovački administrativni spisi potvrđuju ...prisutnost emocija u narativu, ritualu i prostoru. Diplomatske emocije pronalaze se u intimnoj i javnoj komunikaciji: pismima, ugovorima, ceremonijalnim radnjama i tajnim pregovorima. Njihova važnost leži u praktičnoj komponenti koja je oblikovala konkretne postupke sudionika diplomatske interakcije. Primjenjujući veći broj teorijskih pristupa i metodoloških paradigmi, u ovom članku propituju se mehanizmi i strategije iza uporabe emocija i načini njihove ekspresije ovisno o pojedinčevom društveno-političkom položaju, spolu, podrijetlu, profesiji i religijskoj pripadnosti. Od posebne su važnosti pitanja posvećena performativnosti emocija, odnosno što se njihovom primjenom praktično moglo postići. Na tragu nove diplomatske povijesti koju je odškrinuo J. Watkins, pozivajući na bavljenje kulturološkim i društvenim kontekstom u kojem se odvijaju diplomatska poslanstva, ovaj rad ukazuje na povezanost visoke politike i emocija što otvara prostor novim istraživačkim pitanjima, interpretacijama i zaključcima.
The study at hand is not focused on the mediaeval theological history of the Filioque controversy but aims to examine how the mediaeval (particularly the Palamite) doctrine of procession has become ...an ideological element of identity in presentday interpretation. Based on the assumption that religious elements have become part of the political identity primarily in south-eastern Europe, the present paper makes reference first of all to representatives of Orthodox theology, without seeking to criticize, however, the Orthodox standpoint on the Filioque. Provided that it can be demonstrated that contemporary authors make use of mediaeval sources not merely theologically but also ideologically, then we can ascertain that the mediaeval Filioque controversy inşuences the present-day interpretation of self-identity.
Max Dvořák, one of the pilasters of the Viennese school of art history, is nowadays widely known for the works of his final years as well as for writings on monument conservation. Through a ...reconstruction of the historical and academic context and a brief presentation of Dvořák’s studies on the transition period from the fourteenth to the fifteenth century, the author aims to show that the Bohemian scholar made an important contribution to the art historical debate of the time, for which he is hardly appreciated today. This article examines a selection of Dvořák’s early writings from the first decade of the twenthieth century. In particular, the habilitation thesis Das Rätsel der Kunst der Brüder van Eyck (The Enigma of the Art of the Van Eyck Brothers, 1903) is consulted. While many scholars claim that there is a wide gap between his older works and those from the last years of his life, as stated by his former students Karl M. Swoboda and Johannes Wilde in the preface to Kunstgeschichte als Geistesgeschichte (1924), it is argued here that Dvořák’s point of view already presents the basic elements of his more mature conclusions at the beginning of his academic career. Likewise, it is reflected on the fact that Dvořák made a remarkable contribution to a new consideration of the transitional period between the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance, among other workd, with his Enigma, but that this is today attributed not to him but to the cultural historian Johan Huizinga and his work Autumn of the Middle Ages (1919).
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