Sanitation workers provide an essential public service that is key to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), but often costs them their dignity and health. Many governments in low- and ...middle-income countries fail to support their sanitation workforce. This is due, in part, to a lack of knowledge about sanitation workers’ needs and the challenges they face. This study aims to address this knowledge gap through four assessments conducted in Burkina Faso, Nigeria, Tanzania, and Zambia that explored the health and safety, financial security, legal protection, and dignity of sanitation workers. Methodologies included literature reviews, key informant interviews (110), focus group discussions (7), and a survey. The findings suggest that sanitation workers across Africa face serious health and safety risks, heightened by a lack of adequate protective equipment and access to healthcare services. Their pay is insufficient and unstable, and the regulatory environment offers them little legal protection. Many also face stigma and discrimination. These challenges were found to be more acute for manual emptiers and those working informally. The study concludes that governments must develop context-specific action plans to support their sanitation workforce, guided by the results of national and sub-national assessments and in collaboration with sanitation worker groups.
The article deals with the legal technique of legislative acts adopted in Ukraine in the period from 1992–2006 years, related to the protection of the nature reserve fund, land, air, flora and fauna. ...The features of legal technique are investigated by analyzing the compliance of environmental laws with the requirements of legal technology, such as legality, systemic, logical consistency, clarity, accessibility, clarity and certainty. It is established that the legal technique of the considered legislative acts in general corresponds to the general requirements of this sphere. At the same time, some normative legal acts have shortcomings in legal technique, for example, there is no preamble in the Law of Ukraine «On flora», there is no terminological apparatus in the Law of Ukraine «On fauna» and «On the nature reserve fund», presented in the form of a separate specific article. It has been found out that some of the considered laws do not fully respond the requirement of systemic, because they do not contain provisions on monitoring, state accounting and cadaster and there is no requirement for certification and standardization. On the basis of the methodology of quantitative assessment of normative - legal shows that in environmental laws there is a wide range of fluctuations in the number of sections, articles and the number of signs in the articles. It is proved that the common feature of all the considered legislative acts is the uneven distribution of material, which is the largest in the Law of Ukraine «On protection of atmospheric air». It has been established that the largest number of signs belongs to the Law «On the nature reserve fund» - 89358, the smallest on the Law of Ukraine «On fauna»- 33166.
The concept and essence of administrative and legal protection of tax relations have been considered. It has been emphasized that the study of general theoretical ideas about the correlation between ...the concepts of legal security and legal protection will contribute to solving the tasks of the research. The provisions on the correlation of legal security and legal protection in the whole and as a part have been supported. The author has established peculiarities of administrative and legal protection compared with other types of legal protection of public relations: such activity is carried out by public administration agencies through administrative and legal means, including coercive ones. The essential components of administrative and legal protection, which should form the basis of its definition, include: prevention of negative phenomena; detection of possible violations; overcoming harmful consequences (restoration of violated rights); maintaining stable legal relations; prosecuting persons who encroach on the protected object.
The author has emphasized on the peculiarities of the purpose of using the means of administrative and legal protection of tax relations – protection of public interests in the field of taxation, as an organic and balanced combination of public and private interests, the satisfaction of which contributes to the sustainable development of society.
It has been found out that the content of administrative protection of a particular object is revealed through its means and measures. The analysis of sectoral studies has allowed to establish the following feature of administrative and legal protection measures: they are carried out by means of service nature, the list of which differs depending on the object of administrative legal protection, control and supervision, as well as by applying measures of administrative coercion.
The need for a two-vector consideration of administrative and legal protection means has been emphasized: their impact is directed both on the taxpayer and on the controlling agencies (revenue and fees agencies).
There is a chain reaction between precipitation patterns and atmospheric greenhouse gases. Understanding the impact mechanism of the spatiotemporal dynamics of soil greenhouse gases under ...precipitation changes is of great significance, allowing for a more accurate assessment of soil greenhouse gas budgets under future precipitation patterns. In view of this, the research uses sensors to collect environmental sample data and gas concentration data, using Conv-LSTM to achieve data analysis. The research also introduces the kernel DM model to optimize the gas distribution modeling problem. Compared to manual periodic monitoring or gas monitoring using a single mobile robot, the gas distribution model used in this study is innovative. The innovation lies in its ability to capture global gas flow trends in data sampling and predictive analysis. The results show that when soil moisture changes between 5% and 35%, the soil carbon dioxide gas flux after the water addition treatment takes a 20% soil moisture level as the inflection point, showing a trend of first increasing, and then decreasing. This indicates that the mathematical model proposed in this study is effective in collecting and analyzing environmental data.
Worthy children and women's Village/Sub-district is a village/sub-district development that brings together the commitment and resources of village/village government that involve the community and ...business world in the sub-district in order to promote, protect, Fulfilling and respecting the rights of children and women, which are planned consciously and sustainably. Some laws have been established to support the protection of children and women such as the Act of the Republic of Indonesia number 35 year 2014 about the amendment to law Number 23 year 2002 about protection Children and Law Number 23 year 2004 concerning the elimination of violence in households. In order to realize the child and women’s friendly villages, there are several efforts that can be done as the socialization of legal protection and community empowerment. Socialization programs not only provide information or knowledge but also supported by the empowerment of community that provides training and experience in the community. So that socialization tends to only provide information to be easier to understand by the community through the Community Empowerment program and increase public awareness to continue to actively participate in the realization of child and women’s friendly villages.
Privacy advocates often like to claim that all modern societies feel the same intuitive need to protect privacy. Yet it is clear that intuitive sensibilities about privacy differ from society to ...society, even as between the closely kindred societies of the United States and continental Europe. Some of the differences involve questions of everyday behavior, such as whether or not one may appear nude in public. But many involve tha law. In fact, we are in the midst of major legal conflicts between the countries on either side of the Atlantic-conflicts over questions like the protection of consumer data, the use of discovery iin civil procedure, the public exposure of criminal offenders, and more. Clearly the idea that there are as the basis of a universal law of privacy, cannot be right. This Article explores these conflicts, trying to show that European privacy norms are founded on French and German ideas of "personal honor." Continental "privacy," like continental sexual harassment law, prison law, and many other bodies of law, aims to protect the "personal honor" of ordinary French and German folk. American law takes a very different approach, protecting primarily a liberty interest. The Article traces the roots of French and German attitudes over the last couple of centuries, highlighting the French experience of sexual license in the nineteenth century and the German experience of Nazism. The Articlee then discusses the current state of French and German law with regard to matters such as consumer credit reporting, public nudity, and the law of baby names. It contrasts continental approaches to what we find in American law. Throughout, the Article argues, American law shows a far greater sensitivity to intrusions on the part of the state, while continentla law shows a far greater sensitivity to the protection of one's public face. These are not differences that we can understand unless we abandon the approach taken by most privacy advocates, since such differences have little to do with the supposedly universal intuitive needs of "personhood." Instead, they are differences that reflect the constrasting political and social ideals of American and continental law. Indeed, we should broadly reject intuitionism in our legal scholarship, focusing instead on social and political ideals.
This article provides an in-depth examination of the current Chinese legal regime for cultural heritage protection from two perspectives, i.e. from that of legislation and law enforcement and ...highlights the deficiencies thereof. The article argues that China has to improve and reform its domestic law to rectify the blatant shortcomings of the existing statutes and to implement the international instruments that it has concluded or acceded to; Moreover, China should reform its administrative system of cultural heritage protection to overcome the obstacles to efficient law enforcement whose success, in turn, depends on the comprehensive reform promised by the Communist Party of China.
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