המחקר המוצג בעבודה הנוכחית עוסק מנקודת מבט סינכרונית בצירוף הסמיכות החבורה ובלוואי המצטרף אליו ומאייך רכיב מרכיביו; נעשה ניסיון לתאר את הנסיבות לה שוניות של הצטרפות הלוואי אל הסומך לעומת נסיבות ...קישורו ל נסמך , בהתבסס על נתונים מתוך קורפוס מוגדר של טקסטים יע וניים כתובים בעברית בת ימינו. צירוף הסמיכות וההחבורה יסבסא מבנה י בשפה העברית, והנפוץ ביותר בלשון הדיבור ובלשון הכתובה; אוה משתייך לקבוצת הצירופים השמנייםהאנדוצנטריים בש הם שם העצם מוגדר על ידי צירופו לשם עצם אחר , תוך הימצאותם במצב של הדיקות מורפו -פונמית גבוהה המקשרת ביניהם בקשר של נסמך וסומך . כמבנה המבטא התקשרות הדוקה של שמות הוא מגוון ומורכב בתכונותיו, בפרט ב הסמנ יחסים יםטי -לוגיים תקהמ יימים בין רכיביו , ולכן לא מתמיה שהוא נחקר רבות.ספרות המחקר עוסקת במ עותשמ המתקבלת מצירופי סמיכות, ביחסי המשמעות בין רכיביהם ובדרכי התממשותם מנקודות מבט תאורטיות שונות ומהיבטים שונים. עיקר המחקר המתמקד בשפה העברית נסב על אפשרויות הבחירה בין שלוש הסמיכויות המתקיימות בה – הפרודה, החבורה והכפ ולה; יש המציעים התניות לשוניות לבחי רה בין הסוגים, ואחרים מעלים הסברים סג יםנוני ש ש. י סוע קים במשפטי הרקע שביסוד צירוף הסמיכות, תוך סיווגם לקטגוריות צורניות או סמנטיות. הלוואי, אף הוא מורכב מבחינת גיוונו התחבירי, וכת נו ותפקידו הגלוי לעומת זה שבמבנה העומק, ואף הוא נחקר רבות. חלק מן החוקרים עסקו במסגרת מחקרים גנרטיביים בהצטרפות הלוואי אל הסמיכות, ובעיקר לוואי שם התואר, במטרה להצביע על דו משמעות הנוצרת במבנה השטח כתוצאה ממבני עומק שונים; ואילו אחרים הצביעו על אפיון הנסמך במבנה השטח כגורם לתופעה. יש שהציעו לראות ברפרנציאליות של הסמיכות גורם מכריע הקובע אם הרצף : צירוף סמיכות>לוואי הוא דו משמעי אם ל ו. מחקרים רבים דנו אם כן בסמיכות ו אחרים רבים – בלוואי. המחקר הנוכחי מתבסס, בין היתר, על ממצאי מחקרים אלה לצורך בחינת צירו ף הסמיכות והלוואי כח לק מרצף תחבירי מורכב, המייצר בנסיבות לשוניות מסוימות ריבוי שמ מעויות. המחקר בוחן את הצטרפות הלוואי – שם תואר, צירוף יחס, משפט וכינוי קניין – אל הסמיכות הח בורה, תוך בחינת התכונות ותהסמנטי של הרכיבי , קרי מוחשיות או הפשטה, שם עצם קיבוצי או פרט ועוד; י יחד עם היחסים הסמנטיים (הפרו פוזיציה) בין הנסמך לסומך. בחינת רכיבי הסינטגמ נחקרה ה ת, על האלמנטים המורפו-(הפרו פוזיציה) בין הנסמך לסומך. בחינת רכיבי הסינטגמ נחקרה ה ת, על האלמנטים המורפו-המצע התאורטי שביסוד עבודה ה משלב מממצאי המחקרים שהוזכרו לעיל ושואב השראה מגישות ניבלש ות מודרניות, המניחות כי משמעויות הן חלק מרצף של צורה ומשמעות, והן עשויות להיות מועברות באמצעות תבניות לשוניות, בפרט דקדוק הצירופ ים (grammar construction , (דקדוק המילון ( grammar lexical (ותורת הרלוונטיות (theory relevance .(1 תיאור הנסיבות שב הן הלוואי מקוש ר לרכיב מרכיבי הסמיכות מתבסס בעבו דה זו על מודל ניתוח מונע קורפוס ( corpuslinguistics driven ,(המאפשר השתקפות מיידית של העדויות, כפי שסופקו על ידי הקורפוס.קורפוס המחקר הנוכחי כולל טקסטים עיוניים ב עברית הכתובה בת זמננו, ש נבחרו באופן אקראי מתוך ויקיפדיה, האנציקלופדיה המקוונת הגדולה בעולם, והם משתייכים לשלושה תחומי דעת: היסטוריה, מדע וספורט. המחקר כולל טקסטים מתוך עשרים ו חמישה ערכים שנבחרו באופן אקראי במטרה ליצור קורפוס מגוון ומשמעותי של נתונים הכוללים רצפים מהסוג הנחקר (הקורפוס כולל כ-000,250 מילים). ניתוח צירו פי הסמיכות, על הפרופוזיציות שבתשתיתם, ולוואיהם במשפטי הקורפוס, מראה שהתקשרות הלוואי אל רכיבי הסמיכות בהקשרם מתרחשת באופן שיטתי בנסיבות לשוניות מוגדרות – נסיבות הניתנות לזיהוי באמצעות תבניות מורפו-תחביריות-סמנטיות מובחנות. הניתוח מראה כי נסיבות ההופעה של מאייך לנסמך או לסומך מוגדרות ומובחנות זו מזו – דקדוקית וסמנטית-לוגית עד כדי יצירת תבנית מובחנת המאפשרת לקבוע לאיזה מרכיבי הסמיכות מצטרף הלוואי. נסיבות האיוך שהוגדרו באופן חד משמעי כוללות את המאפיינים הסמנטיים של הנסמך והסומך – מוחשי או מופ שט, הפרופוזי ציה וסוג הלוואי: שם תואר, צירוף יחס, משפט וכינוי שייכות. במקרים מסוימים נצפו חריגות: ביחסי פרופוזיציות מסוימות לא ניתן היה לקבוע נסיבות חד משמעיות לאיוך הנסמך או הסומך. בין יחסים אלה נמנות הפרופוזיציות הבאות: חלק משלם, סיווג, הרכב, תיחום וקניין. בכל המקרים האלה מוגדר הנסמך כמקיים יחסים מיוחדים עם הסומך: הנסמך הוא חלק כלשהו מן הסומך (חלק משלם), הנסמך הוא סוג של סומך (סיווג), הנסמך מורכב מהסומך (הרכב), הנסמך תוחם את הסומך (בזמן, בצורה ובמרחב) או הנסמך כולו שייך לסומך או בבעלותו (קניין). הממצאים בדבר הקרבה שבין פרופוזיציות אלה תואמים שייך לסומך או בבעלותו (קניין). הממצאים בדבר הקרבה שבין פרופוזיציות אלה תואמים כדי לקבוע בית רדיוק את טיב היחסים האלה נדרש מחקר נוסף.
This dissertation develops a new theory of autosegmental locality for vowel harmony patterns. Vowel harmony (vh) is a type of pattern in which vowels within a word assimilate to a particular ...subsegmental feature. Phonological theory has proposed a variety of representational structures to describe the relationships between subsegmental features but little is known about the computational effects of these structures. In this dissertation I use Formal Language Theory, a subfield of computer science, to compare the computational complexity of vh patterns represented over strings and multi-tiered autosegmental representations (ARs). This comparison determines that multi-tiered ARs with “bottle brush” structures (Clements 1976; Hayes 1990;McCarthy 1988; Padgett 1995) are preferable to strings because they reduce the complexity of vh and create more concise descriptions of vh patterns. I extend Jardine (2016b)’s and Jardine (2017a)’s Autosegmental Strictly Local (ASL) to a new complexity class called ASLVH which encompasses vh patterns that are local over multi-tiered ARs. This new class crosscuts the established subregular string set hierarchy (Heinz 2018;Heinz, Rawal, and Tanner 2011; Rogers et al. 2013; Rogers and Pullum 2011) because it includes patterns which when represented over strings are strictly local like in Akan, Bayinna Orochen, and Kinande; strictly piecewise like in Finnish; locally testable like in Tutrugbu; and it excludes the unattested first-last-harmony pattern which is star-free (Lai 2015; Jardine 2019). The ASLVH class encompasses vh patterns with both opaque and transparent vowels and predicts a new restriction on the locality of transparency. A contrast in the harmonic feature is shown to have no effect on the complexity of opaque vowels but it vastly increases the complexity of patterns with transparent vowels like the one in Eastern Meadow Mari.
Phonologists have assumed a preference for light syllables over heavy and that light syllables are unmarked compared to heavy. Analyzing 25 languages from 23 distinct language families, this thesis ...investigates the occurrence of heavy and light syllables in languages that vary widely in terms of typology and phonotactics. Examining first the ratio of heavy to light syllables allowed by a language’s phonotactic restrictions, then the same ratio found in the actual lexicon, this thesis tests the following hypothesis:LIGHTNESS SKEW: No language has more heavy syllables than expected based on the phonotactics.The hypothesis holds up across all 25 languages: no language has more heavy syllables than expected. With findings that provide evidence for the assumed light preference, this thesis evaluates OT constraints to determine why heavy syllables are universally dispreferred.
Belirteçler, bir diğer ifadeyle zarflar, tümcenin durumunu, yerini, yönünü, miktarını ve zamanını belirten temel ögelerden biridir. Belirteç türlerinden zaman ve süre belirteçleri, tümcede ...gerçekleşmiş, gerçekleşmekte ya da gerçekleşecek olan zaman ve süreyi sözcük ya da sözcük grupları oluşturarak bildiren önemli unsurlardır.Çalışmada Tatar Türkçesindeki zaman-süre belirteçleri ve belirtecimsileri ses bilgisel, anlam bilgisel ve söz varlığı açısından dil bilgisel incelenmiş, durum bilgilerine göre sınıflandırılmıştır.Tezde yer alan belirteç ve ilirtecimsiler, çeşitli ders ve dil bilgisi kitapları, yayımlanmış ve yayımlanmakta olan okuma kitapları, makaleler, yüksek lisans ve doktora tezleri aracılığıyla belirlenmiş ve incelenmiştir. İncelemenin bölümlerini “1. Zaman Belirteçlerinin Yapısal Özellikleri”, “2. Süre Belirteçlerinin Yapısal Özellikleri”, “3. Zaman Belirtecimsilerinin Yapısal Özellikleri” ve “4. Süre Belirtecimsilerinin Yapısal Özellikleri" başlıkları oluşturmaktadır.Çalışma sözü edilen yönleriyle Tatar Türkçesindeki zaman süre belirteçleri ve belirtecimsilerinin dil bilgisel, ses bilgisel, söz dizimsel, anlam bilgisel bağlamda verilerek ilk dil bilgisel tez çalışması olmasıyla birlikte, alana katkı sağlayacak ve kendinden sonraki benzer çalışmalara da örnek olacaktır.
A audição assume um papel preponderante no desenvolvimento cognitivo-linguístico da criança. Através deste sentido é possível captar informações acústicas que, após serem processadas, permitem a ...compreensão e a atribuição de significado à informação sonora, o que é imprescindível para uma comunicação efetiva. À medida que o desenvolvimento ocorre e com a entrada da criança para o 1º ciclo, as competências auditivas e cognitivo-linguísticas vão sendo cada vez mais importantes para o desenvolvimento da leitura e escrita. Desta forma, é extremamente importante a avaliação destas competências, assim como a investigação da sua relação, para que possam ser identificadas possíveis dificuldades na aprendizagem, o mais precocemente possível. Para a avaliação das competências auditivas e cognitivo-linguísticas são necessários instrumentos específicos e devidamente formulados/adaptados para o português europeu. Na presente investigação utilizaram-se os seguintes testes/protocolos de recolha de dados: Rastreio do Processamento Auditivo (RPA), Protocolo de Análise Informal de Competências Auditivas (PAICA), "Auditory Processing Domains Questionnaire" (APDQ) e o Protocolo de Avaliação das Habilidades Cognitivo-Linguísticas (PAHCL). Os primeiros (RPA e PAICA) já se encontravam em português europeu e prontos a serem utilizados. O APDQ foi traduzido do original em inglês para o português europeu, e o PAHCL, em português do Brasil, foi adaptado para o português europeu. Os instrumentosforam aplicados a uma amostra de 205 crianças, das quais 48 foram excluídas por não reunirem critérios de inclusão. A amostra final passou, assim, a ser constituída por 157 crianças, 79 do sexo feminino e 78 do sexo masculino, com idades compreendidas entre os 6 e os 10 anos de idade, do 1º ao 5º ano de escolaridade. Os dados obtidos foram tratados com recurso ao programa estatístico IBM SPSS versão 26, tendo-se calculado as correlações pelo método de Spearmanpara níveis de significância de 5% e 1%. Foram encontradas diversas correlações entre as tarefas do PAICA e as tarefas do PACCL. Verificou-se que três das tarefas do PAICA: ((i) Discriminação dos Aspetos Temporais – Duração dos Sons; (ii) Memória Auditiva Sequencial Verbal; e (iii) Separação Binaural - Palavras) se correlacionavam, em geral, com as tarefas do PACCL – versão coletiva e individual. No seu todo, estes resultados mostraram que as competências auditivas que envolvem o processamento temporal, o processamento binaural e a memória sequencial verbal se encontravam correlacionadas com a aprendizagem. Além disso, estes resultados vão ao encontro da informação descrita na literatura, na qual vários autores salientam a importância destas competências no processo de aprendizagem. Assim, através da avaliação das competências auditivas é possível sinalizar crianças em risco para possíveis problemas na aprendizagem e/ou Perturbação do Processamento Auditivo Central, que devem ser encaminhadas para avaliação formal/intervenção com especialistas da área, contribuindo assim para a redução do impacto no insucesso escolar.
No âmbito do estágio curricular, este relatório reflete o trabalho realizado ao longo daprática pedagógica supervisionada na disciplina de Português em duas turmas do 10.ºano (10.ºA e 10.ºH) da ...Escola Secundária de Rio Tinto, durante o ano letivo de2022/2023.A temática escolhida (A importância da Linguística no Ensino de Português no EnsinoSecundário) pretende mostrar de que forma os conteúdos de 10.º ano poderão, dealguma forma, ser mais facilmente lecionados e aprendidos pelos alunos se houverabordagem e conhecimento linguísticos. Este trabalho decorre da observação diretaem contexto de sala de aula, tendo em conta os conteúdos de 10.º ano e a suanatureza linguística, tanto a nível gramatical como a nível literário.O objetivo será entender até que ponto a abordagem da linguística como ciência e nassuas mais variadas vertentes podem ajudar na compreensão de textos escritos emportuguês não contemporâneo que fazem parte do programa, como A Farsa de InêsPereira, de Gil Vicente e Os Lusíadasde Luís Vaz de Camões e na introdução deconteúdos gramaticais como os processos fonológicos.Primeiramente será analisado o programa de Português do 10.º ano. De seguida, seráapresentado o projeto de investigação-ação aplicado tendo em conta o perfil da turma,os conteúdos lecionados e de que forma a linguística pode contribuir para melhorperceção dos alunos desses mesmos conteúdos.Depois, serão analisadas as respostasdo inquérito por questionário aplicado a ambas as turmas e a quinze docentes doDepartamento de Línguas da escola.Depois da elaboração deste relatório, pode concluir-se que a Linguística é importantepara a compreensão literária e gramatical, apesar de não ser diretamente abrangidapelos programas. Conclui-se também que a perceção linguística dos docentes nemsempre é adequada.
Linguists present several arguments regarding what constitutes word meaning. Lyons (1977) pointed to several theories of word meaning. For instance, the denotational theory associates the meaning of ...an expression with what the expression denotes or stands for in the real world. In contrast, the ideational theory equates the meaning of an item with the idea connected with it in the mind of language users. Also, the meaning-in-use theory3 argues that the use of an expression in a context identifies, or is equivalent to, the meaning of this expression.
Semantic shift, a change in meaning of a word while maintaining its sound, is a characteristic of human languages. In this thesis, I present evidence from the primatology literature that wild ...gorillas have to capacity to engage in semantic shift in their communicative gestures. Building especially off the work of Cissewski & Boesch (2016), I point to various observed behaviors of gorillas in natural conditions as well as in captivity that point to at least gorillas’ capacity to perform semantic shift and, more assertively, that semantic shift had indeed occurred. Semantic shift has been observed in chimpanzees, and to the degree that semantic shift is a deep property of language, the research thus posits languagelike capacity from being present from some 6-7 million years ago to about 10 million years ago.
In this thesis I contribute towards settling a disagreement among scholars concerning the classification of Gallo-“Italic”. The scholarly literature unanimously describes Gallo-“Italic” as showing ...all the linguistic traits that distinguish Gallo-Romance from the other Romance varieties. Nonetheless, while some scholars classify Gallo-“Italic” as Gallo-Romance, some others classify it as Italo-Romance (‘pro-Italo-’ scholars). These two labels (‘Gallo-Romance’ and ‘ItaloRomance’) are irreconcilable, as they are regularly presented in the literature as being mutually exclusive and, in particular, they are normally used in the family tree model to name two cousin taxa: Gallo-Romance is a Western Romance daughter, while Italo-Romance is an Eastern Romance daughter. I argue that the pro-Italo- stance has to be rejected for several different reasons. Firstly, by making recourse to Kloss’s distinction of Abstand vs. Ausbau, I show that, in their proposed classifications, the pro-Italo- scholars mix the Abstand and the Ausbau criteria and that this is inconsistent with the aims of classificatory science. In fact, following Kloss (1967), Abstand and Ausbau have to be seen as classificatory criteria of two independent classifications that, moreover, should be expressed by two formally distinct nomenclatures. I argue that, in science, classifications have an informative function, and that by employing such a mixed criterion pro-Italo- scholars have provided a flawed “classification” that is informative neither of the Abstand nor of the Ausbau status of the varieties classified, hence it is not useful for scientific purposes and should therefore be rejected. Secondly, I show that some scholars’ proposal of grouping Gallo-“Italic” with Italo-Romance in a synchronological classification (i.e. based on current linguistic similarity) should be rejected too. These scholars claim that, over the centuries, contact with Tuscan/Italian literary language would have made Gallo-“Italic” more similar to Italo-Romance than to its sibling Gallo-Romance varieties. However, despite making a statement that is quantitative in nature, these scholars do not provide quantitative evidence supporting it. Through the above arguments—that are epistemological in nature—I reject the pro-Italo- stance on the basis of linguistic evidence that is already available. Finally, by means of a series of empirical tests comparing intelligibility between speakers of different geolects, I provide new linguistic evidence that present-day Gallo- “Italic” is still linguistically more similar to the bordering Gallo-Romance than to the bordering Italo-Romance geolects, hence it is still properly grouped with the former and not with the latter, even from a synchronological standpoint.
This dissertation presents a probabilistic model of loanword accentuation in Japanese, based on large-scale corpus data, and a pair of on-line adaptation experiments, in order to gain deeper ...understanding of the mechanism of assigning loanword accent in Japanese.Contrary to previous work, which assigns loanword accent solely with markedness effects (i.e., language-internal principles), my corpus study (Chapter 2) reveals that faithfulness effects to English source words exist in established loanwords. Specifically, the stress pattern of English source words, as well as the epenthetic status of loanword syllables, play an important role in assigning loanword accent. These faithfulness effects are not random but systematically interact with markedness effects in a probabilistic way. My probabilistic modeling (Chapter 3), employing the Maximum Entropy Harmonic Grammar framework, shows that integrated models with both markedness and faithfulness effects outperform markedness-only models, obtaining a description that achieves a compromise between the two.My modeling also incorporates a novel proposal on the architecture of phonological grammar for loanword adaptation, motivated by the existence of accent patterns that cannot be accounted for by the interaction of faithfulness and markedness. I argue that Japanese speakers implicitly create a model of the English stress system, which I call the “Japanese Theory of English”, and exhibit faithfulness to its outputs, even if they differ from the actual source words. Incorporating this module into the model captures the accent patterns that can be characterized as hyperforeignization, in the sense of Janda et al. (1994).A pair of on-line loanword adaptation experiments (Chapter 4) were also conducted to test the faithfulness effects to stress and the interaction with markedness in experimental settings. The results confirmed the existence of faithfulness effects and the interaction with markedness in on-line adaptations, providing converging evidence that faithfulness and the interaction with markedness are part of the phonological grammar of Japanese speakers and form the basis of loanword accentuation in Japanese.Overall, this dissertation supports the view that loanword accentuation in Japanese is determined by the competition among three factors: Japanese-internal markedness principles, faithfulness to source inputs, and faithfulness to Japanese speakers’ theory of the English stress.
