With the occurrence of the Constitutional Revolution, the discussion on the necessity of cultural transformation and the revitalization of literary renovation flourished. One of the important aspects ...of this discussion was determining the relationship between ancient Iranian literature and the new situation. The modernists of this era viewed literary tradition as sterile and stagnant, seeking to destroy it instead of attempting to reinterpret it. On the other hand, traditionalists took a worshipful approach to tradition, condemning any critique of classical tradition. In this article, after providing a historical overview, the critical aspects of the modernist approach to classical tradition are listed. These aspects include the outdated language, elitism, narrow and regional perspectives, inability to address the requirements and needs of the new world, justifying authoritarian power, neglecting the social function of literature, and non-revolutionary and accommodative nature. Subsequently, this destructive perspective is analyzed from the perspective of short-term society theory. This analysis reveals that the merciless critique of the modernists is an expression of their disregard for the necessity of capital accumulation, while also highlighting the absence of the concept of critique and its vital role in cultural development and progress. Furthermore, these critics paid no attention to the nature of the authoritarian government, for which no alternative was conceivable, and they were oblivious to the key role of power institutions in the cultural life of society. Extended Abstract Introduction One of the questions that emerged alongside the Constitutional Revolution in the cultural scene of Iran was the discussion on the necessity of renewal. One important aspect of this debate was determining the relationship between ancient Iranian literature and the new context. A significant group of modernists believed that the ancient literary tradition was stagnant and that preserving it was futile. On the other hand, traditionalists adopted a reverential perspective that rejected any criticism of classical tradition. Questions: In the sociological analysis of the conflict between reformists and traditionalists in the Constitutional Era, we will seek answers to the following questions. 1- What are the main criticisms of the modernist movement towards classical tradition? 2- What are the main characteristics of this conflict from the perspective of the short-term society theory? Theoretical Framework The theoretical framework of this research is the theory of short-term society, which tries to explain the relationship between the state and the nation and other social aspects from the perspective of historical sociology. Based on the comparative study of Iranian and European tradition, this theory points out the important differences between these two cultures. Although this theory has not been formulated specifically in the field of literature, but considering the capacities that exist in this theory and also due to the deep connection between literature and politics in Iranian society, it can be used in this interdisciplinary research. The main criticisms towards classical tradition The main chapters of the critique of modernists on classical tradition can be summarized as follows: 1- outdated language. 2- elitist and anti-populist literature. 3- having limited and local concerns. 4- vulnerability to new paradigms. 5- disregard for the social role of literature. 6- enhancement of authoritarianism. Analysis from the perspective of theory The analysis of this subject from the perspective of the short-term society theory demonstrates the following aspects: 1- The destruction of tradition and the problem of capital accumulation deficiency: The radical modernists failed to acknowledge that renewal could only be logical if it first embraced a peaceful coexistence with tradition and gradually constructed a new aesthetic system. 2- Lack of the concept of critique. 3- Disregard for the nature of authoritarian governance. 4- Neglect of the economic dependence of literature on power institutions.
Drawing on recent feminist and psychoanalytic criticism, Cinzia
Sartini Blum provides the first analysis of the rhetoric, politics,
and psychology of gender in the avant-garde writings of the Italian
...Futurist F.T. Marinetti. Her book explores the relations between
the seemingly unrelated goals of Italian Futurism: technical
revolution, espousal of violence, avowed misogyny, and rejection of
literary tradition. Blum argues for the centrality of the rhetoric
of gender in Marinetti's work. She also investigates a diverse
array of his futurist textual practices that range from formal
experimentation with "words in freedom" to nationalist manifestos
that advocate intervention in World War I and anticipate subsequent
fascist rhetoric of power and virility. A major contribution to the
study of the twentieth-century avant-garde and the first
full-length study of Marinetti in English, The Other
Modernism will interest all those concerned with
twentieth-century literature, culture, and society and the problem
of modern subjectivity.
In addition to being a poet, fiction writer, playwright, and essayist, Langston Hughes was also a globe-trotting cosmopolitan, travel writer, translator, avid international networker, and-perhaps ...above all-pan-Africanist. In Cultural Entanglements, Shane Graham examines Hughes's associations with a number of black writers from the Caribbean and Africa, exploring the implications of recognizing these multiple facets of the African American literary icon and of taking a truly transnational approach to his life, work, and influence. Graham isolates and maps Hughes's cluster of black Atlantic relations and interprets their significance. Moving chronologically through Hughes's career from the 1920s to the 1960s, he spotlights Jamaican poet and novelist Claude McKay, Haitian novelist and poet Jacques Roumain, French Negritude author Aimé Césaire of Martinique, South African writers Es'kia Mphahlele and Peter Abrahams, and Caribbean American novelist Paule Marshall. Taken collectively, these writers' intellectual relationships with Hughes and with one another reveal a complex conversation-and sometimes a heated debate-happening globally throughout the twentieth century over what Africa signified and what it meant to be black in the modern world. Graham makes a truly original contribution not only to the study of Langston Hughes and African and Caribbean literatures but also to contemporary debates about cosmopolitanism, the black Atlantic, and transnational cultures. Explores Langston Hughes' associations with black writers from the Caribbean and Africa for a uniquely transnational approach to the life, work, and influence of this important African American literary figure.
Classical Kurdish poetry has such a high level and coherent structure in terms of poetic images, subjects, concepts, words and terms that, one can argue, it would not have been rich without a ...background. There should have been a familiarity at work with the experiences that have emerged at such a level. From the point of view of intertextual theory, it can be demonstrated that a poetic background has played a role in the creation of visual, semantic, and structural layers of classical Kurdish poetry. Of all the possibilities that researchers may pay attention to, it can be demonstrated on the basis of in-text and out-of-text cues that the poetic background of Kurdish classical poetry goes back to classical Persian poetry. Many poetic motifs and images from the literary traditions of Persian classical poetry have entered Kurdish classical poetry. Although this can be observed in all three branches of classical Kurdish poetry, it is less common in Gorani poetry than in Middle and Northern Kurdish poetry. This study examines how classical Kurdish poets benefit from the literary traditions of Persian poetry to reveal that in what poetic subjects are the literary traditions mostly reflected and to what extent the level of creativity of Kurdish poets has been. The result of the research indicates that the reflection of literary traditions can be seen more in lyrical and mystical poetry, and Kurdish poets have tried to create creativity and innovation within these traditions. New theming and localization of images and poetic themes are the most prominent techniques that Kurdish poets have shown creativity in literary traditions.
Andalusian literature is still a great legacy of Islamic civilization in modern times. The discussion of Andalusian literature is still an exciting topic in the Arab literary scene in the modern era. ...There are many great legacies of Arabic literature that have not been widely studied by academics in Indonesia, especially Arabic literature reviewers. One of the Andalusian literary figures is Ibn Zaidun. Even the fame of Ibn Zaidun in Andaluasi to get the nickname Buhtury from the West. This paper tries to review Andalusian Arabic literature in general and, in particular, the literary tradition of Ibn Zaidun with the background of Andalusian civilization. Using a literature review approach, this paper explains the socio-cultural background of Ibn Zaidun in building a tradition of Arabic literature in the West (Andalusia). This paper shows the significant role of Ibn Zaidun in building an Arabic literary tradition with a local Andalusian style. This literary tradition is even recognized as having a literary quality that is not inferior to Arabic literature in Arab civilization.
The present mini essay analyses the literary output of Tomasz Różycki, a Polish poet belonging to the middle generation, who occupies now the central position among the poets of his generation. ...Różycki diverges from other poets because of his specific understanding of the poetic tradition and its development in modern times.
The exchanges between Manichaeism and Buddhism are one of the most-discussed topics in the religious study of Central Asia. Old Uyghur materials are often used in these discussions because the ...Uyghurs experienced the religious shift from Manichaeism to Buddhism. The sources attest that Manichaean and Buddhist communities co-existed under Uyghur rule, although the period of co-existence was limited. Thus, the texts produced in that period could show traces of exchange between these two religious communities. Previous studies, however, concentrate on the religious exchanges and do not consider the Uyghurs’ literary tradition, their historical background, and the language development in Old Uyghur. This paper re-examines the materials cited in previous studies, reconsiders exchanges between the two religious communities under Uyghur rule, and addresses the results of this survey.
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