This study uses quantitative measurements, to examine the diversity of relationship between manorialisation and demographic pressure by landlord type and landscape region in thirteenth-century ...England. Classical manors have been considered to have classical structures, that is large scale and manor-parish coincidence, and to be dominated by demesne and customary tenements. However, factor analysis of the data from the Hundred Rolls of 1279–1280 shows that the two features were not always associated and that manorialisation was a two-dimensional process consisting of the development of classical structures and the dominance of demesne and unfree tenements. Therefore, the analysis reveals four types of parishes. First, there were highly manorialised parishes in both aspects where earlier-established ecclesiastical estates prevailed. Second, there were parishes that were occupied by one large manor but dominated by free tenements where earls' estates were prominent. Third, there were parishes divided into small manors comprised mainly of demesne and villein tenements as a result of the advance of demesne farming in lesser estates after 1066. Fourth, there were non-manorialised parishes separated into small manors dominated by free tenements. Many of these parishes had already been split into small manors in 1086. Further analysis shows that demographic pressure was independent of manorialisation. Although the eastern champion Midlands and western champion Midlands were similarly manorialised, demographic pressure was higher in the eastern part. Furthermore, in woodland, population growth and manorialisation were related in several ways. Demographic pressure was highest in East Anglian Heights while the level of freedom was highest in Arden Forest.
•Analyses data from the Hundred Rolls 1279–1280 using factor analysis and multiple regression analyses.•Demonstrate that manorialisation in medieval England was a two-dimensional process.•Shows that development of classical structures was independent of reduction of freedom.•Shows that four types of parishes existed on the basis of the two-dimensions of manorialisation.•Demonstrates that demographic pressure was independent of manorialisation.•Shows that manorialisation and demographic pressure differed by landlord type and landscape region.
Forty-one species of lichens and two lichenicolous fungi are reported from the Pskov Region. Of them, thirty-nine species are new for the region, including Lempholemma dispansum – a rare species with ...scattered distribution, previously recorded only once in the European Russia in the 19th century. The most important findings are confined to ancient limestone outcrops and old manor parks: these habitats are also promising for further investigations, taking in account high level of anthropogenic transformation of the Pskov Region.
The relicts of medieval knights’ manor houses in Poland today are so called “grodziska stożkowate” (motte) – the anonymous hills having in themselves remnants of wooden buildings, exceptionally made ...of stone or brick and numerous tiny artifacts being the trace of the past household equipment. Unlike to the castles they are not so often visited but more often destroyed. The book presents the image of medieval knights’ manor houses, which we know due to archaeological excavations carried on for half a century. Description of buildings household equipment and movables used by the people of the past was completed by transfers from written sources which allows for better understanding the live of medieval knights’ family.
This monograph provides an insight into English country house fiction by twentieth and twenty-first century authors, with a focus on the works of E. M. Forster, Evelyn Waugh, Iris Murdoch, Alan ...Hollinghurst, and Sarah Waters. The country house is explored within the wider social and cultural contexts of the period, including contemporary architectural development. The variety of literary depictions of the country house reflects the physical diversification of buildings which can be classified as such, from smaller variants to formerly grand residences on the brink of physical collapse. Within the scope of contemporary fiction, architecture and poetics of space, the country house, given its uniquely integrating and exceptionally evocative qualities, accentuates different conceptions of dwelling. Consequently, literary portrayals of the country house can be seen as both prefiguring and reflecting the contemporary practice of living.
As long ago as the twelfth century, St Oswald's Priory at Nostell, near Pontefract, was home to canons of the order of St Augustine, and until it was dissolved during the reign of Henry VIII it was ...one of the wealthiest priories in the country. In secular times, a grand house on the site was home to the Gargrave family, whose rapid rise had seen Sir Thomas Gargrave attain the offices of Speaker in the House of Commons and High Sheriff of Yorkshire during the days of Queen Elizabeth I. But within a couple of generations the family was ruined. Sir Thomas's grandson and namesake, into whose hands Nostell had come, was executed in 1595 for committing murder by poisoning, a deed shrouded in mystery and misinformation for centuries - until now. In 1654, Nostell became the property of the Winn family, who were soon made baronets by Charles II, having shown him great support during the Civil Wars. The following century, Sir Rowland Winn, 4th Baronet of Nostell, began work on a brand new, magnificent Palladian house, known today as Nostell Priory, in honour of the medieval canons who had once worshipped on the site. His descendants would cede the title, but in 1885, another Rowland Winn of Nostell, who was Conservative MP for North Lincolnshire, was made Baron St Oswald following his party's election success. Featuring stories about the formidable Swiss wife of the 5th Baronet, whose daughter ran away with the local baker, grand political rallies, secret marriages, and even murder, _Tales From the Big House: Nostell Priory_ offers the reader an exciting tour-de-force through some of the history of the site, and the owners and their servants who made this great house their home.
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