Based on the phenomenal changes that additive manufacturing (AM) has brought to industries and markets, managerial approaches should be re-examined and developed to take advantage of emerging ...opportunities. This revolutionary technology is dramatically changing business and innovation models, shrinking supply chains and altering the global economy. For example, 3D printing shifts production locations closer to customers and leads to free-form product design as well as sustainable manufacturing. Several studies have been conducted on AM technology, but the research stream on AM management is still developing, with studies dispersed in journals across different research areas. Our study presents both systematic and quantitative analyses of the literature, including co-citation analysis, factor analysis and multidimensional scaling, to explore the structure of the AM research domains in the scope of management, business and economics. We found eight main research streams: AM technology selection, supply chain, product design and production cost models, environmental aspects, strategic challenges, manufacturing systems, open-source innovation and business models and economics. Finally, based on the results of our in-depth analysis of the literature, we found nine promising future research directions.
Additive manufacturing (AM), colloquially known as 3D printing, is currently being promoted as the spark of a new industrial revolution. The technology allows one to make customized products without ...incurring any cost penalties in manufacturing as neither tools nor molds are required. Moreover, AM enables the production of complex and integrated functional designs in a one-step process, thereby also potentially reducing the need for assembly work. In this article, we discuss the impact of AM technology at both firm and industry level. Our intention is to discern how market structures will be affected from an operations management perspective. Based on an analysis of established economic models, we first identify the economic and technological characteristics of AM and distill four key principles relevant to manufacturers at firm level. We then critically assess the effects of AM at industry level by analyzing the validity of earlier assumptions in the models when these four principles apply. In so doing, we derive a set of seven propositions which provide impetus for future research. In particular, we propose that in a monopoly, the adoption of AM allows a firm to increase profits by capturing consumer surplus when flexibly producing customized products. Meanwhile in competitive markets, competition is spurred as AM may lower barriers to market entry and offers the ability to serve multiple markets at once. This should ultimately result in lower prices for consumers.
•Analyzes additive manufacturing (AM) technology from an economic perspective.•Identifies the key principles of AM from a theoretical and managerial perspective.•Discusses AM׳s effects on market structure based on analysis of economic models.•Establishes testable propositions regarding the potential effects of AM.•Provides an agenda for future research from an interdisciplinary perspective.
Hybrid manufacturing is a combination of additive (deposition) and subtractive (machining) manufacturing in a single machine tool. Such a system can be used for near net shape manufacturing and ...component repair using either similar or dissimilar materials. Integrated into a single system, transition between additive and subtractive manufacturing can occur immediately and be leveraged to generate large components by alternating between the processes. This investigation shows how the interleaved capabilities can reduce overall cycle time by up to 68 %, improve average relative elongation to failure by 71 %, and reduce the average relative porosity fraction by 83 % when compared to traditional additive manufactured components. Results from this investigation builds the foundation needed for hybrid manufacturing to be applicable towards the manufacture of large complex components such as nosecones and marine propulsors.
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•Hybrid additive manufacturing (AM) is re-defined through physical mechanisms.•Innovation via “property-mechanism-energy source-hybrid-AM process (PMEH)” system.•Data compiled from ...100 papers will be available to the community.•Data includes material/part properties, PMEH categories, and paper information.
This study defined hybrid additive manufacturing (AM) as “in-situ or series combination of an additive manufacturing process and secondary energy sources in which physical mechanisms are fundamentally altered/controlled to affect the resulting properties of material and/or part.” This definition includes in-situ secondary processes as well as process chains, and it is anchored in multi-physical mechanisms such that new hybrid-AM processes can be freely and systematically sought or invented through a systems approach epitomized by the “property – mechanism – energy source – hybrid-AM process (PMEH)” thought process. The sequence of driving forces in this framework are as such: desired material properties determine which mechanism is utilized and, in turn, the energy source to be applied, which ultimately defines the hybrid-AM process. The five unifying physical mechanisms that were identified in this study are: melt pool dynamics, microstructure development, stress state, surface evolution, and thermal gradients. Analysis of properties, mechanisms, energy sources, and processes was conducted on more than 100 papers, and the results ultimately show the effect of mechanisms on material properties. Mechanisms are further classified by energy source, which are in turn broken down by hybrid-AM process. Additionally, each mechanism was defined and reviewed in detail, highlighting the PMEH relationship for metal hybrid-AM materials. Further analysis compares reported mechanical property values for hybrid-AM processes to both AM only and wrought properties for 316 L, Alloy 718, and Titanium Gr 5. Finally, future directions of research as well as clear gaps in knowledge are identified, which includes lack of variety in utilized energy sources, lack of material diversity, process chain integration and improvement, and promising hybrid-AM processes. With the presented analysis and PMEH framework, it is determined that metal AM hybrid processes are well suited to address current problems and show promise in creating superior and versatile materials. Further growth in this field is expected to be exponential, and the developed PMEH framework will aid in framing these innovative processes.
In response to hypercompetition, globalisation and increasing consumer expectations, many manufacturing firms have embraced lean manufacturing (LM). The primary goal of LM is to reduce/eliminate ...waste (muda). There is broad consensus as to what constitutes waste, but not on LM implementation. Implementation is not prescriptive with each firm relying on a different combination of administrative, process and routine change/innovation. Lean manufacturing brings about incremental change relying on administrative, process and routine levers. It best fits mass production where process variability is low and demand is high and stable. Lean manufacturing can significantly reduce waste but not eliminate waste, and the attained benefits have not always lived up to expectations. Additive manufacturing (AM) promises to revolutionise manufacturing beyond recognition by eliminating or drastically removing the waste thereby achieving sustainability. But AM is at its formative stage – the space between the concept and growth - where many promising breakthrough technologies fail. To reach its full potential, it needs to achieve high-scale adoption. In this paper, we examine how AM can significantly reduce/eliminate waste and how it can deliver triple bottom line on an unprecedented scale. We contend that AM, if adopted deeply and widely, will take LM to its final frontier, but there are a number of impediments to this end. We identify legitimation as critical to its wide diffusion and develop a number of propositions expediting AM's legitimation. Legitimation of AM will ensure its deep and broad diffusion and should this happen, waste will be a thing of the past an important stride towards sustainable future.
PurposeAs the level of implementation of Industry 4.0 increases, misalignments between adopted technologies and organizational factors may result in benefits below expected. This paper aims to ...analyze how organizational factors can contribute to a higher level of adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies. The paper uses a sociotechnical perspective lens to achieve this aim.Design/methodology/approachUsing a sample of 231 manufacturing companies in Denmark, a leading country in Industry 4.0 readiness, the paper analyzes through cluster analysis and logistic regression whether the development of four sociotechnical dimensions – that is, Social, Technical, Work Organization and Environmental factors – in these companies can benefit the achievement of higher levels of Industry 4.0 technology adoption.FindingsThe results show that companies focused on the development of sociotechnical aspects generally present higher Industry 4.0 adoption levels. However, some sociotechnical factors are less supportive than others.Originality/valueBased on these results, practitioners can plan the adoption of advanced technologies, using a systemic organizational view. This study provides evidence on a growing field with few empirical studies available. The paper contributes by providing an analysis of a leading country in Industry 4.0 implementation, presenting a systemic view on technology adoption in the Industry 4.0 context.
As the Chair of 2020 7th International Conference on Mechanical, Materials and Manufacturing (ICMMM 2020), I would like to say it is my honor to have been involved with this excellent and exciting ...conference. Mechanical, materials and manufacturing are three disciplines that are all link directly. A conference that allows this latitude allows for research was success and the edge of knowledge can be pushed fully. This conference was no exception and I would like to thank the prestigious professors that supported the conference and presentations. Many conferences claim to be international, very few are. We would have been in Maryland, just north of Washington DC, but circumstances have made our conference virtual. Nevertheless, we still have internationally spread presenters that justifies saying International. List of Virtual Disclaimer, Advisory Committee, Conference General Chair, Conference Local Organizing Committee, Conference Program Chairs, Conference Program Co-chairs and Conference Technical Committees are available in this pdf.
This is an open access book reporting the results of nine years research of the International Research Training Group (IRTG) 2057, funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG). The IRTG is a joint ...venture between the TU Kaiserslautern, the University of California Berkeley, and University of California Davis. The book is content-driven mainly by two disciplines: engineering and computer science. Through the application of scientific knowledge and advanced computer-based methods in conjunction with physical models on a level unrealized in the past, technologies and methods are promoted, which can be used for planning and optimization of manufacturing systems and processes. As a result, fundamental understanding as well as extensive systems, tools and computational algorithms, which significantly improve the integration of advanced computational methods for solving problems of manufacturing systems and processes will be available. This open access book is of interest to any researcher dealing with process and factory planning in manufacturing, like for cutting and additive manufacturing.
Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing allows the cost-effective manufacturing of customized, large-scale metal parts. As the post-process quality assurance of large parts is costly and time-consuming, ...process monitoring is inevitable. In the present study, a context-aware monitoring solution was investigated by integrating machine, temporal, and spatial context in the data analysis. By analyzing the voltage patterns of each cycle in the oscillating cold metal transfer process with a deep neural network, temporal context was included. Spatial context awareness was enabled by building a digital twin of the manufactured part using an Octree as spatial indexing data structure. By means of the spatial context awareness, two quality metrics—the defect expansion and the local anomaly density—were introduced. The defect expansion was tracked in-process by assigning detected defects to the same defect cluster in case of spatial correlation. The local anomaly density was derived by defining a spherical region of interest which enabled the detection of aggregations of anomalies. By means of the context aware monitoring system, defects were detected in-process with a higher sensitivity as common defect detectors for welding applications, showing less false-positives and false-negatives. A quantitative evaluation of defect expansion and densities of various defect types such as pore nests was enabled.
This paper examines barriers to the implementation of Industry 4.0 technologies in the manufacturing sector in the context of both developed and developing economies. A comprehensive literature ...review, followed by discussions with industry experts, identifies 15 barriers, which are analyzed by means of a Grey Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) approach. The ‘lack of a digital strategy alongside resource scarcity’ emerges as the most prominent barrier in both developed and developing economies. The influencing barriers identified suggest that improvements in standards and government regulation could facilitate the adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies in developing country case, whereas technological infrastructure is needed to promote the adoption of these technologies in developed country case. This study is one of the first to examine the implementation of Industry 4.0 in both developing and developed economies. This article highlights the difficulties in the diffusion of technological innovation resulting from a lack of coordinated national policies on Industry 4.0 in developing countries, which may prevent firms from fully experiencing the Industry 4.0 revolution. The results of this study may help decision makers and practitioners to address the barriers highlighted, paving the way for successful implementation of Industry 4.0 across the manufacturing sector.
•Barriers to implement Industry 4.0 in the manufacturing sector are analyzed.•The analysis is done in the context of developed and developing economies.•Developing countries should focus on the internal capability related barriers.•Developed countries should focus on the technology-related barriers.
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