U današnje vrijeme, pojavom novog koronavirusa SARS-CoV-2 i njime uzrokovane bolesti nazvane COVID-19 suočeni smo na europskoj, ali i svjetskoj razini s pandemijom širokih razmjera i tzv. novim ...normalnim uvjetima života u kojima je nošenje maske za lice postala svakodnevna nužnost i obveza. Budući da se u slobodnoj prodaji na tržištu Republike Hrvatske, države članice Europske unije, nalaze maske različita oblika, veličine, boje, izrađene iz različitih (uglavnom tekstilnih) materijala, različitog sirovinskog sastava te različite sposobnosti filtriranja i razine zaštite, potrebno ih je ispravno i odgovarajuće označiti, te na taj način kupcu učiniti dostupnim dostatne informacije potrebne za donošenje odluke o kupnji. S tim u svezi nužno je razlučiti temeljne vrste maski za lice i poznavati njihovu primjenjivost. Prema preporukama Hrvatskoga zavoda za javno zdravstvo razlikujemo filtarske polumaske s ventilom i bez ventila, medicinske (kirurške) maske te higijenske maske za lice. Stoga je u radu dan pregled temeljnih vrsta maski za lice, pri čemu su uz pojašnjenje njihove primjenjivosti u svakodnevnoj uporabi među općom populacijom opisani bitni zahtjevi koji se na njih postavljaju, vrste materijala od kojih se izrađuju te u konačnici način njihove razredbe i označivanja, s posebnim osvrtom na važeću nacionalnu i europsku zakonodavnu te normativnu legislativu, propitujući pritom mogućnosti respiratorne zaštite.
With the occurrence of the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-12 and the disease called COVID-19, in the Republic of Croatia we are faced with living conditions in which wearing of face masks has become a daily necessity and obligation. Therefore, this paper provides an overview of the basic types of face masks – valved and valveless filtering half masks, medical (surgical) masks, and hygienic masks. Their applicability in everyday use, the essential requirements that they must fulfil, the types of textile materials of which they are made, and their classification and labelling are described, with special reference to valid national and European legislation and standards, while questioning the possibilities of respiratory protection.
Silicon surface hydrophobicity has been varied by using silane treatments on silicon pyramid surfaces generated by KOH anisotropic etching. Results demonstrated that by altering the surface ...hydrophobicity, the apparent contact angle changed in accord with the Wenzel equation for surface structures with inclined side walls. Hierarchical structures were also constructed from Si pyramids where nanostructures were added by Au-assisted electroless HF/H2O2 etching. Surface hydrophobicity and superhydrophobicity were achieved by surface modification with a variety of silanes. Stability of the Cassie state of superhydrophobicity is described with respect to the Laplace pressure as indicated by the water droplet meniscus in contact with the hierarchical structures. The contact angle hysteresis observed is also discussed with respect to water/substrate adhesion.
Nasreddin Hodja is a Turkish philosopher who have resisted for centuries with his intelligence and wisdom. Hodja, who has been the symbol of tolerance, knows how to look at life from the positive ...side in his anecdotes. Because of his these characteristics, Halide Edib sent Hoca as the protagonist of Maske ve Ruh which is her fantasy play to the 21st century’s Aksehir. In this age when matter is more important than spirit, people are as similar to each other like the same masks. Halide Edib builded a dystopic world that she created with this social landscape in which people are increasingly mechanised in Maske ve Ruh. The author who placed Nasreddin Hodja in the dystopic landscape, compared his ideas with the advanced intellectual orientations in this century and critized the ideological orientations that have begun to quickly influence the world through him. The author tried to remind the values that they had forgotten to a soulless society also by adding the other names who lived before like Hodja on her play. In this study, firstly, the location of Nasreddin Hodja in Maske ve Ruh will tried to be located. In this way, the approachment style to Hodja who came to life hundreds of years after his own life will have been interpreted. Afterwards, it will be focused on to the message which the author wanted to give with Maske ve Ruh, and these aspects that 21st century's Turkey of whose view of life had been changed because of materialist world order will be discussed.
Dekodiranje Kogojevega zagonetnega številčnega načina označevanja akordov je pomemben korak naprej pri poznavanju Kogojeve iznajdbe t. i. akordnih permutacij. Uporaba teh je potrjena in umeščena v ...estetsko-dramski kontekst na ključnih mestih opere Črne maske (po drami L. Andrejeva), kjer se vežeta klasičnost in modernizem v skladno celoto. V tem predstavlja inovativen glasbenoteoretični in kompozicijski prispevek v slovenski operi v začetku 20. stoletja.
Uspostaviti i održati dišni put jedna je od najvažnijih interesnih točaka anesteziologa, no još u dalekoj prošlosti već su i „obični ljudi“ shvatili koliko je važno očuvati dišni put. Tako je krenuo ...dug i fascinantan put tijekom kojega se su se progresivno razvijala pomagala i tehnike namijenjene očuvanju dišnog puta, kao i svijest o važnosti njegovog očuvanja. Od prvih traheotomija tisuću godina prije Krista, preko direktne laringoskopije i ventilacije
bolesnika uz pomoć modernih anestezioloških aparata, došli smo do ere raznih videopomagala: stileta, rigidnih i fleksibilnih bronhoskopa, videolaringoskopa i tako dalje. Veliku ulogu imalo je osvještavanje problema, brojne analize grešaka koje smo kao struka nehotice ostavljali iza sebe tijekom silnih pokušaja i promašaja u nastojanju da učinimo najbolje što možemo za bolesnika. Zahvaljujući tomu i enormnom tehnološkom napretku u zadnjih dvjesto godina, možemo reći da je došlo do revolucije u održavanju dišnog puta. Izazovi u prošlosti naučili su nas mnogo. Međutim, tijekom još uvijek aktualne pandemije COVID-19, opet smo se susreli s novim izazovima dišnog puta, ali iako nitko nije mogao ni približno zamisliti što nas čeka snašli smo se. Za razliku od uobičajenog načina na koji inače radimo u operacijskim dvoranama i jedinicama intenzivne skrbi, vodeći računa o sigurnosti bolesnikova dišnog puta ovaj smo put morali paziti i na to da zaštitimo svoj.
Purpose: The aim of this study is to use ProSeal laryngeal mask airway (PLMA) and endotracheal tube (ETT) in elective septorhinoplasty operation and to compare the hemodynamic differences and ...postoperative complications during the application.
Materials and Methods: In the prospective planned study, ASA I-II and 60 patients aged 18-35 were randomly allocated into two groups (n = 30, n = 30). After the standard anesthesia technique, Group E was placed ETT, Group P PLMA. Patients’ demographic characteristics, number of attempts for correct insertion, hemodynamic changes, postoperative nausea, vomiting, sore throat, hoarseness, dysphagia and surgical satisfaction evaluated.
Results: Heart rate was higher in Group E than in Group P at the 1st min after anesthesia induction, at the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 10th min after airway insertion, and at the 3rd min after extubation. Difficulty in swallowing at postoperative was higher in Group E than in Group P. Insertion rates of the devices, were similar. Surgical satisfaction was higher in Group E than in Group P. Adequate tidal volume was provided in both groups during the operation.
Conclusion: The use of PLMA in airway management in outpatient septorhinoplasty operations creates less hemodynamic response compared to the use of ETT, less airway complications are seen and thanks to its flexibility, it does not interfere with the surgical area. PLMA may be an alternative to ETT when the insertion of the airway devices is performed by experienced physicians.
Amaç: Bu çalışmada amacımız elektif septorinoplasti operasyonunda ProSeal laryngeal maske havayolu (PLMA) ve endotrakeal tüp (ETT) kullanmak ve uygulama sırasında ortaya çıkan hemodinamik farklılıkları ve postoperati ve komplikasyonları karşılaştırmaktır.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Prospektif planlı çalışmada ASA I-II ve 18-35 yaş arası 60 hasta rastgele iki gruba ayrıldı (n=30,n=30). Standart anestezi tekniğinin ardından Grup E’ye ETT, Grup P’ye PLMA yerleştirildi. Hastaların demografik özellikleri, doğru yerleştirme girişimleri, hemodinamik değişiklikler, ameliyat sonrası bulantı, kusma, boğaz ağrısı, ses kısıklığı, yutma güçlüğü ve cerrahi memnuniyet değerlendirildi.
Bulgular: Anestezi indüksiyonu sonrası 1. dk, havayolu yerleşimi sonrası 1., 2., 3., 4., 5. ve 10.dk ve ekstübasyon sonrası 3.dk kalp hızı Grup E'de Grup P'ye göre daha yüksekti. Postoperatif yutma güçlüğü Grup E'de Grup P'ye göre daha yüksekti. Cihazların yerleştirme oranları benzerdi. Grup E'de Grup P'ye göre cerrahi memnuniyet daha yüksekti. Operasyon sırasında her iki grupta da yeterli tidal volüm sağlandı.
Sonuç: Günübirlik yapılan septorinoplasti operasyonlarında havayolu yönetiminde PLMA kullanımının ETT kullanımına göre daha az hemodinamik yanıt oluşturduğunu, daha az havayolu komplikasyonu görüldüğünü ve esnekliği sayesinde cerrahi alana müdahale etmediğini saptadık. Havayolu cihazlarının yerleştirilmesi deneyimli hekimler tarafından yapıldığında PLMA, ETT'ye alternatif olabilir.
The “health emergency” forced analysts to seek new ways of continuing with analysis. The article focuses, in particular, on the changes brought about in the setting by the presence of the sanitary ...mask, following a line that begins with the theme of the “mask” in the collective uses of human cultures, and develops through the Jungian concept of persona, as opposed to the “face” that may convey an authentic image of oneself. A clinical vignette illustrates the issues that the mask raises in the setting by obstructing the communication of emotions. When there is no transformative processing of concrete data, “unmasking” can also lead to an uncanny encounter and to moments of darkness and confusion in analysis, when the analyst experiences the kind of “unconscious identity” between therapist and patient that Jung defined as nigredo. The article is intended as a contribution to the analytic community's current reflections on the new and unforeseen challenges encountered in analysis at the time of the Coronavirus. It is possible to learn from these experiences with a view to integrating new elements and thus modify one's own internal setting, the compass with which each analyst orientates himself.
‘L'urgence sanitaire’ a forcé les analystes à rechercher de nouvelles manières de poursuivre le travail analytique. Cet article met l'accent en particulier sur les changements survenus dans le cadre du fait du port du masque sanitaire; l'article suit un fil conducteur qui commence avec le thème du ‘masque’ dans les usages collectifs des cultures humaines et se poursuit avec le concept Jungien de persona, en opposition avec le ‘visage’ qui peut communiquer une image authentique de soi. Une vignette clinique illustre les problèmes que le masque soulève dans la situation analytique en entravant la communication d'émotions. Quand il n'y a pas de processus de transformation des données concrètes, ‘démasquer’ peut également mener à une rencontre étrange et à des moments de ténèbres et de confusion dans l'analyse, quand l'analyste fait l'expérience du type ‘d'identité inconsciente’ entre le thérapeute et le patient que Jung a défini comme nigredo. Cet article a pour but de contribuer aux réflexions actuelles de la communauté analytique en ce qui concerne les défis nouveaux et inattendus rencontrés dans l'analyse dans la période du Coronavirus. Il est possible de tirer des leçons de ces expériences afin d'intégrer de nouveaux éléments et ainsi de modifier notre propre cadre interne, la boussole avec laquelle chaque analyste s'oriente.
Der ‘Gesundheitsnotstand’ zwang die Analytiker, nach neuen Wegen zu suchen, um mit der Analyse fortzufahren. Der Artikel konzentriert sich insbesondere auf die Veränderungen, die das Vorhandensein der Hygienemaske in der Umgebung mit sich bringt, und folgt dabei einer Linie, die mit dem Thema der ‘Maske’ im kollektiven Gebrauch menschlicher Kulturen beginnt und entwickelt sich weiter durch das Jungianische Konzept der Persona, im Gegensatz zum ‘Gesicht’ das ein authentisches Bild von der Person selbst vermitteln kann. Eine klinische Vignette veranschaulicht die Probleme, die die Maske im Setting dadurch aufwirft, daß sie die Kommunikation von Emotionen behindert. Wenn es keine transformative Verarbeitung konkreter Daten gibt, kann die ‘Demaskierung’ auch zu einer unheimlichen Begegnung und zu Momenten der Dunkelheit und Verwirrung in der Analyse führen, wenn der Analytiker die Art ‘unbewußter Identität’ zwischen Therapeut und Patient erlebt, die Jung als Nigredo definierte . Der Artikel ist als Beitrag zu den aktuellen Überlegungen der analytischen Gemeinschaft zu den neuen und unvorhergesehenen Herausforderungen gedacht, mit denen die Analyse zur Zeit des Coronavirus konfrontiert war. Aus diesen Erfahrungen kann man lernen, neue Elemente zu integrieren und so die eigene innere Einstellung, den Kompaß, an dem sich jeder Analytiker orientiert, zu verändern.
“L'emergenza sanitaria” ha costretto gli analisti a cercare nuove modalità per proseguire l'analisi. L'articolo si sofferma, in particolare, sui cambiamenti apportati al setting dalla presenza della mascherina protettiva, seguendo una linea che parte dal tema della “maschera” negli usi collettivi nelle varie culture, per poi sviluppare il discorso tramite il concetto junghiano di persona, in contrapposizione al “volto” che può comunicare un'immagine autentica di sé. Una vignetta clinica illustra le problematiche che la mascherina ha portato nel setting, ostacolando la comunicazione delle emozioni. Quando viene a mancare una elaborazione trasformativa di dati concreti, lo “smascheramento” può aprire ad un incontro carico di angoscia ed a momenti di buio e confusione nell'analisi, in cui l'analista sperimenta quella sorta di “identità inconscia” tra terapeuta e paziente che Jung ha definito nigredo. L'articolo vuole essere un contributo alle attuali riflessioni della comunità analitica sulle nuove ed impreviste sfide incontrate in analisi al tempo del Coronavirus. Da queste esperienze è possibile trarre una visione per integrare nuovi elementi e quindi modificare il proprio setting interno, la bussola con cui ogni analista si orienta.
«Чрезвычайная ситуация в области здравоохранения» заставила аналитиков искать новые пути продолжения аналитической работы. Статья посвящена, в частности, изменениям в сеттинге, вызванным необходимостью защитной маски, и продолжает тему, начатую мотивом коллективного использования "маски" в человеческих культурах и продолженную юнгианской концепцией персоны как противоположности «лицу», которое способно передать аутентичный образ человека. Клиническая виньетка иллюстрирует проблемы, возникающие в сеттинге благодаря маске, препятствующей коммуникации эмоций. В отсутствии трансформирующей обработки конкретных данных «снятие маски» может также способствовать мистической встрече и вызвать моменты темноты и замешательства в анализе, когда аналитик переживает «бессознательное тождество» между терапевтом и пациентом, которое Юнг называл nigredo. Данная статья призвана дополнить текущие размышления аналитического сообщества о новых и непредвиденных проблемах, возникших в анализе в период распространения коронавируса. Можно извлечь уроки из этого опыта, чтобы интегрировать новые элементы и таким образом изменить свою внутреннюю установку – компас, по которому ориентируется каждый аналитик.
La “emergencia sanitaria” obligó a los analistas a buscar nuevas formas de continuar con el análisis. El artículo se centra, en particular, en los cambios provocados en el encuadre analítico por la presencia de la mascarilla sanitaria. Presenta un desarrollo a partir del tema de la “máscara” en los usos colectivos de las culturas humanas, y continúa a través del concepto junguiano de persona, en contraposición al de “rostro”, el cual puede transmitir una imagen auténtica de uno mismo. Una viñeta clínica ilustra los problemas que plantea la máscara en el entorno al obstruir la comunicación de las emociones. Cuando no hay un procesamiento transformador de los datos concretos, el “desenmascaramiento” también puede conducir a un encuentro misterioso y a momentos de oscuridad y confusión en el análisis, cuando el analista experimenta una forma de “identidad inconsciente” entre terapeuta y paciente que Jung definió como nigredo. El artículo pretende ser una contribución a las reflexiones actuales de la comunidad analítica sobre los nuevos e imprevistos desafíos encontrados en el análisis en la época del Coronavirus. Es posible aprender de estas experiencias con vistas a integrar nuevos elementos y así modificar la propia configuración interna, la brújula con la que cada analista se orienta.
新冠时代背景下的口罩与脸面
因为“健康的危机”, 分析师被迫用新的方式来持续分析的工作。这篇文章特别聚焦于集体使用“口罩”的背景而带来的改变, 并由此出发, 讨论人类文化集体使用口罩的主题, 并进而讨论了荣格关于人格面具 (persona)的概念 (相对于“脸面”而言), 应该表达更为真实的自我意象。文章用一个临床小故事说明了面具在环境中阻碍情感交流所引发的问题。当没有对具体数据进行转换处理时, "揭开面具 "也会导致怪异的遭遇, 以及分析中的黑暗和困惑时刻, 此时分析师会体验到治疗师和患者之间的那种 "无意识身份", 荣格将其定义为 "黑化"(nigredo)。冠状疫情发生之时, 分析工作遇见了新的和不可预见的挑战, 这篇文章旨在为心理分析界目前对此所做的反思做出贡献。我们有可能从这些经验中吸取教训, 融入新的元素, 从而改变自己的内部环境, 即每个分析师为自己定位的指南针。
A transparent superhydrophobic glass surface with a micro-network of nanopillars was developed via colloidal lithography and the mechanical robustness of nanopillars on surface was confirmed through ...a finger rubbing test. Display omitted
► Transparent superhydrophobic glass surface with a micro-network of nanopillars.Nanopillars are fabricated via colloidal lithography and plasma etching. ► Mechanical robustness of network of nanopillars is confirmed through a finger rubbing test. ► Size-dependent contact angle equation is proposed at high contact angle (>135°) and Bond number ≪ 1. ► Furmidge’s sliding angle equation is modified just considering static contact angle.
The wetting property of a superhydrophobic glass surface with a micro-network of nanopillars fabricated from colloidal lithography and plasma etching is investigated in this paper. The micro-network distribution of nanospheres can be modulated by diluting the nanosphere concentration and controlling the spin rate. The micro-network of nanospheres spun on the glass surface serves as a mask for nanopillars during the plasma etching process. After the fabrication, the nano-structured surface is treated with fluoroalkylsilane self-assembled monolayers to obtain superhydrophobicity. Among several spin rates, the minimum colloidal network area density from a 100nm polystyrene nanosphere solution diluted to 0.026% was found at a spin rate of 4000rpm. The sample with the lowest network area density shows a good quality of superhydrophobicity, having the highest water contact angle and the lowest sliding angle among samples with other network area densities. In particular, samples with a micro-network of pillars also showed mechanical robustness against finger rubbing. To assess the superhydrophobic behavior in-depth, a size-dependent contact angle equation is proposed for use with a high contact angle (>135°) and with a Bo (Bond number)≪1. Furmidge’s sliding angle equation is also modified; it is derived considering a static contact angle to simplify the prediction of the sliding angle. The contact and sliding angle measurements from samples with a micro-network of nanopillars show good agreement with the proposed equations.
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