Current additive manufacturing methods present the potential to construct net-shape structures with complicated architectures, thus eliminating the need for multi-step processing and ...fasteners/joints. Combined with these features is the ability to ascribe material properties at the sub-millimeter scale, inspiring multi-material, functionally graded designs. These features make additive manufacturing an attractive option for composite materials development. In an effort to extend this family of technologies beyond nano- and micro-composites, we explore the additive manufacture of multi-directional composite preforms. This exercise has served to highlight the aspects of additive manufacturing critical to composite and general materials processing, as well as to demonstrate the high fidelity between modeled and additively manufactured structures. Within the scope of composites development, we review the state-of-the-art and discuss challenges facing the broad adoption of additive manufacturing for directionally reinforced composites processing.
A clear understanding of carbon fiber (CF) microstructure is necessary for the development of high strength CFs. Here, we present an atomistic approach for generating and characterizing realistic mi- ...crostructures of CFs. Large-scale reactive molecular dynamics simulations are used to generate a set of distinct CF microstructures. Comprehensive characterization of the simulated microstructures is enabled by the development of a suite of computational structural analysis tools capable of evaluation of hy- bridization states of carbon atoms, populations and orientations of individual carbon rings, degree of graphitization, and pore size distribution. The calculation of X-ray diffraction profiles provides a direct link between the structural features of simulated samples and experimental data available for CFs. The CF generation algorithm is shown to produce microstructures with experimental densities and with structural characteristics matching those of PAN-based CFs. The key structural features affecting the properties of CFs, such as the relative fractions of graphitic, turbostratic and amorphous micro- constituents, degree of alignment, pore size distributions, and chemical cross-linking can be effectively controlled in simulations, thus enabling efficient exploration of structureeproperties relationships in CFs. The capabilities of the developed approach are illustrated by performing computational analysis of the mechanical deformation and fracture of CFs under axial tensile loading.
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Carbon-based materials have multiple advantages including abundant sources, tunable molecular structures, high electronic conductivity, and environmental compatibility. Rapidly ...growing research interests are focused on carbon materials as electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), which are critical for sustainable energy technologies including fuel cells, metal-air batteries, and water electrolyzers. A number of papers in this area have been published. However, there is no systematic review yet covering all the general methods to boost carbon-based electrocatalysts for ORR/OER/HER, and reporting their most recent progress. To eliminate the gap, this contribution gives a timely and comprehensive review of such a rapidly growing field of great significance. This review starts with a brief introduction regarding the fundamentals of carbon-based ORR/OER/HER electrocatalysts and proceeds to summarize various synthesis methods of state-of-the-art carbon materials. Subsequently, the most popular strategies to optimize electrocatalytic properties of carbons are thoroughly reviewed. In addition to metal-free carbons, advances regarding hybridized and self-supported carbon electrocatalysts are discussed. This comprehensive review not only conveys the most recent research progress, but also provides essential ideas and methods that guide the design of high-performance carbon-based electrocatalysts, contributing to their large-scale adoption in sustainable energy applications.
The emerging field of soft robotics makes use of many classes of materials including metals, low glass transition temperature (Tg) plastics, and high Tg elastomers. Dependent on the specific design, ...all of these materials may result in extrinsically soft robots. Organic elastomers, however, have elastic moduli ranging from tens of megapascals down to kilopascals; robots composed of such materials are intrinsically soft − they are always compliant independent of their shape. This class of soft machines has been used to reduce control complexity and manufacturing cost of robots, while enabling sophisticated and novel functionalities often in direct contact with humans. This review focuses on a particular type of intrinsically soft, elastomeric robot − those powered via fluidic pressurization.
This manuscript presents a comprehensive review of the materials, design, and manufacturing of fluidically pressurized intrinsically soft robotics, and set a historical context for their development. The authors then discuss their applications for human interaction and speculate on future composition and use cases.
The optical properties of metal nanoparticles have attracted wide interest. Recent progress in controlling nanoparticles with atomic precision (often called nanoclusters) provide new opportunities ...for investigating many fundamental questions, such as the transition from excitonic to plasmonic state, which is a central question in metal nanoparticle research because it provides insights into the origin of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) as well as the formation of metallic bond. However, this question still remains elusive because of the extreme difficulty in preparing atomically precise nanoparticles larger than 2 nm. Here we report the synthesis and optical properties of an atomically precise Au279(SR)84 nanocluster. Femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopic analysis reveals that the Au279 nanocluster shows a laser power dependence in its excited state lifetime, indicating metallic state of the particle, in contrast with the nonmetallic electronic structure of the Au246(SR)80 nanocluster. Steady-state absorption spectra reveal that the nascent plasmon band of Au279 at 506 nm shows no peak shift even down to 60 K, consistent with plasmon behavior. The sharp transition from nonmetallic Au246 to metallic Au279 is surprising and will stimulate future theoretical work on the transition and many other relevant issues.
Heterostructured materials Zhu, Yuntian; Wu, Xiaolei
Progress in materials science,
January 2023, 2023-01-00, Letnik:
131
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Heterostructured (HS) materials are a new class of materials that are composed of heterogeneous zones with dramatically different (>100 %) mechanical or physical properties. The interactive coupling ...between these heterogeneous zones produces a synergistic effect in which the integrated property exceeds the prediction by the rule-of-mixtures. HS materials possess superior mechanical or physical properties that are not achievable by their conventional homogenous counterparts. This review focuses primarily on structural HS materials, whose superior mechanical properties are enabled by a new scientific principle: hetero-deformation induced (HDI) strengthening and HDI work hardening. Geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs) in the soft zones pile up and accumulate near the zone boundaries, producing back stress in the soft zones and forward stress in the hard zones, which collectively produces the HDI stress. HS materials have a unique deformation behavior: formation of dispersive microscopic strain bands, which helps to distribute plastic strain over the whole gauge length, increasing uniform elongation. They can be readily produced using conventional industrial technologies and facilities at large scale and low cost. The superior properties, new materials science and great application potentials are driving the fast development of the HS materials field. This review is meant to introduce students and researchers to this emerging field, and to serve as an authoritative reference on HS materials.
On the origin of contact-electrification Wang, Zhong Lin; Wang, Aurelia Chi
Materials today (Kidlington, England),
November 2019, 2019-11-00, Letnik:
30
Journal Article
Recenzirano
This paper reviews the physics mechanisms of contact electrification (or triboelectrification) among solids, liquids, and gases. It is concluded that electron transfer is the dominant mechanism for ...contact electrification and is even responsible for initiating the electric double layer at solid–liquid interfaces.
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Although contact electrification (triboelectrification) (CE) has been documented since 2600 years ago, its scientific understanding remains inconclusive, unclear, and un-unified. This paper reviews the updated progress for studying the fundamental mechanism of CE using Kelvin probe force microscopy for solid–solid cases. Our conclusion is that electron transfer is the dominant mechanism for CE between solid–solid pairs. Electron transfer occurs only when the interatomic distance between the two materials is shorter than the normal bonding length (typically ∼0.2 nm) in the region of repulsive forces. A strong electron cloud overlap (or wave function overlap) between the two atoms/molecules in the repulsive region leads to electron transition between the atoms/molecules, owing to the reduced interatomic potential barrier. The role played by contact/friction force is to induce strong overlap between the electron clouds (or wave function in physics, bonding in chemistry). The electrostatic charges on the surfaces can be released from the surface by electron thermionic emission and/or photon excitation, so these electrostatic charges may not remain on the surface if sample temperature is higher than ∼300–400 °C.
The electron transfer model could be extended to liquid–solid, liquid–gas and even liquid–liquid cases. As for the liquid–solid case, molecules in the liquid would have electron cloud overlap with the atoms on the solid surface at the very first contact with a virginal solid surface, and electron transfer is required in order to create the first layer of electrostatic charges on the solid surface. This step only occurs for the very first contact of the liquid with the solid. Then, ion transfer is the second step and is the dominant process thereafter, which is a redistribution of the ions in solution considering electrostatic interactions with the charged solid surface. This is proposed as a two-step formation process of the electric double layer (EDL) at the liquid–solid interface. Charge transfer in the liquid–gas case is believed to be due to electron transfer once a gas molecule strikes the liquid surface to induce the overlapping electron cloud under pressure. In general, electron transfer due to the overlapping electron cloud under mechanical force/pressure is proposed as the dominant mechanism for initiating CE between solids, liquids and gases. This study provides not only the first systematic understanding about the physics of CE, but also demonstrates that the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is an effective method for studying the nature of CE between any materials.
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As polymer networks infiltrated with water, hydrogels constitute the major components of the human body; and hydrogels have been widely used in applications that closely interact with ...biological organisms, such as tissue engineering, drug delivery, and biological research. More recently, owing to their superior softness, wetness, responsiveness, biocompatibility, and bioactivity, hydrogels are being intensively investigated for versatile functions in devices and machines including sensors, actuators, coatings, optics, electronics, and water harvesters. A nascent field named hydrogel machines rapidly evolves, exploiting hydrogels as key components for devices and machines. While there are reviews on individual categories of hydrogel machines in literature, a comprehensive discussion on various categories of hydrogel machines that systematically correlate hydrogels’ properties and machines’ functions is still missing in the field. This review is aimed to provide such a panoramic overview. We first classify various hydrogel machines into a number of categories according to their applications. For each category, we discuss (i) the working principles of the hydrogel machines, (ii) the specific properties of hydrogels that enable the key functions of the machines, and (iii) challenges faced by hydrogel machines and recent developments to address them. The field of hydrogel machines will not only translate fundamental understanding of hydrogels into new applications, but also shift the paradigm in machine design by integrating hydrogels that can potentially minimize physical and physiological mismatches with biological organisms.
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The properly designed semiconductor photocatalysts are promising materials for solving the current serious energy and environmental issues because of their ability of using sunlight ...to stimulate various photocatalytic reactions. Especially, the constructed direct Z-scheme photocatalysts, mimicking the natural photosynthesis system, possess many merits, including increased light harvesting, spatially separated reductive and oxidative active sites, and well-preserved strong redox ability, which benefit the photocatalytic performance. This review concisely compiles the recent progress in the fabrication, modification, and major applications of the direct Z-scheme photocatalysts; the latter include water splitting, carbon dioxide reduction, degradation of pollutants, and biohazard disinfection. It finishes with a brief presentation of future challenges and prospects in the development of direct Z-scheme photocatalytic systems.
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