Task difficulty is an important but complex phenomenon in Applied Linguistics, for which there is relatively little empirical research. This article discusses approaches to defining task difficulty ...and focuses on objective task difficulty derived from ratings of performances and on difficulty derived from an error count in the performances, thus taking errors as indicators of writing task difficulty. Errors are described in terms of the Scope–Substance error taxonomy in writing performances from the Slovene General Matura examination in English. The most frequent errors are located at word and phrase level. Generally, error frequency decreases as writing proficiency increases, but some error types do not conform to this trend. This is the case for punctuation errors, which gain prominence at higher levels of mastery. The results of this study are relevant for assessment, particularly for rating scale development or revision, and for rater training. They are equally relevant for teaching, since knowing sources of difficulty in tasks is a prerequisite for effective pedagogical action. More generally, if applied to performances based on a wider range of tasks, viewing errors as indicators of difficulty can lead to a better understanding of difficulty‐generating task features.
Povzetek
Težavnost nalog je pomemben, a zapleten pojav v uporabnem jezikoslovju, o katerem je razmeroma malo empiričnih raziskav. Prispevek obravnava pristope k opredeljevanju zahtevnosti nalog pri preverjanju pisnega sporočanja. Osredinjen je na njihovo objektivno zahtevnost, ki izhaja iz točkovnih ocen pisnih izdelkov in iz števila napak v izdelkih, kar pomeni, da napake obravnava kot kazalec zahtevnosti nalog. Napake opredeli po taksonomiji obseg‐vsebina in jo uporabi za ocenjevanje pisnih izdelkov na izpitu iz angleščine na slovenski splošni maturi. Najpogostejše napake se pojavljajo na ravni besed in besednih zvez; večinoma se njihova pogostnost zmanjša z naraščanjem pisne zmožnosti, vendar nekatere vrste napak ne sledijo temu trendu. Tak je primer napak v rabi ločil, ki so pogostejše na višjih ravneh znanja. Rezultati študije so pomembni za ocenjevanje, predvsem za razvoj in prenovo ocenjevalnih lestvic, pa tudi za usposabljanje ocenjevalcev. Dognanja so pomembna tudi za poučevanje, saj je razumevanje razlogov za zahtevnost predpogoj za učinkovito pedagoško delo. Širše gledano lahko napake uporabimo kot kazalec zahtevnosti tudi pri drugih vrstah nalog in s tem izboljšamo prepoznavanje in razumevanje tistih lastnosti nalog, ki prispevajo k njihovi zahtevnosti.
Abstract
If we think of child protection in the Roman religion, the first goddess that comes to mind is Mater Matuta. This paper, however, does not focus directly on Mater Matuta, but on other divine ...figures to some extent related to her: Carna, Ino, and Thesan.
Carna-Cranaë-Cardea, the nymph of the thresholds was celebrated on the calends of June, just ten days after the ceremony in the temple of Mater Matuta. The cult of Ino and Melicertes arose in Italy, where they were called by the Greeks Leukothea and Palaemon, and by the Romans Matuta and Portunus. Thesan was the Etruscan goddess connected with the Dawn, like Mater Matuta. To some extent, these divine figures are all related to kourotrophia.
Incidentally, I will try to suggest that the Roman religious calendar from the 1st of June to the 11th of June was full of details which might allude to one another, with the aim of underlining the importance of human and divine kourotrophia, by using the concept of intertext in literary criticism.
In Hungary, Geography final examinations can be taken in ten foreign languages too. This linguistic diversity is one of the less-known, rarely mentioned values of our public education system, ...allowing students of bilingual and nationality secondary school programmes to take certain subject exams – like Geography – in foreign languages. Since the introduction of the two-tier Matura examination system, the subject has been one of the most popular choices in foreign language too as such examinations have been held in almost all exam periods. However, changes in the subject’s prestige and the Matura itself are also clearly reflected. The study provides a detailed analysis of intermediate and advanced Geography final exams by language use and discusses factors influencing the spatial distribution and temporal changes of exam numbers. This study is justified not only by the two-tier system’s more than fifteen years of history but by the recent changes of the national curriculum, exam structure and requirements as well.
Academic institutions are seeking to attract the most capable and prospective students. Many research studies seek to identify factors determining a successful transition from secondary to tertiary ...education. One of the important issues is the predictive value of national testing/Matura examination results in relation to higher education institutions admission. The aim of our study is to quantify the odds to study at university and the results of centralised student assessments (the 10th grade and Matura) of mathematics and the Lithuanian language and literature for the period of five years (Matura examinations for the period 2014–2018), taking into account the student's gender, the location of the school attended, social support, and special needs indicators. We estimate that the Matura grade in mathematics is almost double more important when compared to the10th grade test results for odds of studying at higher education institutions. Grades of the Lithuanian language and literature obtained to be twice more import for males than females. From 2023 or 2024, we may observe the downward trend of people with tertiary educational attainment in Lithuania.
Repeatedly unsuccessful vocational education and training (VET) examinees are educational policy actors who, through their decision making, influence not only their completion of upper ...secondary education but also their futures. Drawing on biographical narrative interviews with 18 Czech VET examinees who failed the Matura exam at least twice, we identified how examinees make their decisions about the Matura exam and how their individual decision-making ways differ. For our participants, we can confirm that the ways they make decisions depend on which attempt to pass the Matura exam it is, as well as on in what context and on what the repeatedly unsuccessful examinees have to decide. We concluded that repeatedly unsuccessful VET examinees perceive decision making about passing the Matura to follow the principle of free choice in the first and second attempts. Due to the influence of institutionally formed beliefs about their own academic success, it is a rather limited choice. If in the third attempt they integrate their decisions about passing the Matura exam in the context of their career development, their decision making becomes a process in which we identify several individualized steps.
Die Beiträge des Bandes präsentieren zentrale Befunde des von der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft geförderten Projekts ,,Abiturprüfungspraxis und Abituraufsatz 1882 bis 1972". Auf der Basis eines umfangreichen ...und in einer digitalen Forschungsumgebung bearbeiteten Korpus deutscher Abituraufsätze wurden - ergänzt durch die Analyse weiterer Quellen - Prüfungspraktiken rekon struiert und kontextualisiert. Aufgearbeitet wurden sowohl bildungshistorische, juristische und administrative Konstellationen als auch fach- und schreibdidaktische Paradigmen, die einen historischen Blick auf die sogenannte Königsdisziplin der Abiturprüfung eröffnen, die ihre Rolle auch gegenwärtig im Streit um die Erwerbsbedingungen der Allgemeinen Hochschulreife behauptet. (DIPF/Orig.)
The contributions in this volume present key findings from the Leibniz Association-funded project "Abiturprüfungspraxis und Abituraufsatz 1882 bis 1972". On the basis of an extensive corpus of German ...Abitur essays processed in a digital research environment, examination practices were reconstructed and contextualised - supplemented by the analysis of further sources. Educational history, legal and administrative constellations as well as subject and writing didactic paradigms were analysed, opening up a historical view of the so-called supreme discipline of the Abitur examination, which is also currently asserting its role in the dispute over the conditions for obtaining the general higher education entrance qualification.
Die Beiträge des Bandes präsentieren zentrale Befunde des von der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft geförderten Projekts „Abiturprüfungspraxis und Abituraufsatz 1882 bis 1972“. Auf der Basis eines umfangreichen und in einer digitalen Forschungsumgebung bearbeiteten Korpus deutscher Abituraufsätze wurden – ergänzt durch die Analyse weiterer Quellen – Prüfungspraktiken rekonstruiert und kontextualisiert. Aufgearbeitet wurden sowohl bildungshistorische, juristische und administrative Konstellationen als auch fach- und schreibdidaktische Paradigmen, die einen historischen Blick auf die sogenannte Königsdisziplin der Abiturprüfung eröffnen, die ihre Rolle auch gegenwärtig im Streit um die Erwerbsbedingungen der Allgemeinen Hochschulreife behauptet.
The paper presents the results of a qualitative exploratory study of secondary school principals’ perspectives on the State Matura model, and the issues of equality and equity of access to higher ...education for vocational and grammar school pupils. These questions are analysed in the context of increasing aspirations of young people towards higher education, the massification of higher education, and the strategic positioning of the Republic of Croatia towards increasing the share of highly educated citizens. Equality of access to higher education implies that all pupils who wish to study have the right to access the State Matura, a prerequisite for entering tertiary education, under equal conditions and criteria. The issue of equity means that every pupil has an equal opportunity to access tertiary education. The results point to generally positive attitudes regarding the State Matura as a uniform system of external exams that enables assessment of the acquired knowledge and skills in the same manner and using the same criteria for all pupils. Principals’ critical perspectives include questioning the suitability of the certification function of the State Matura for grammar school pupils and the weakening of the selective function due to additional testing of pupils’ knowledge and skills by tertiary education institutions. The perspectives of grammar school and vocational school principals on equality and equity of access to tertiary education are distinctly different. While grammar school principals view equity through the prism of providing equal conditions and criteria for all, vocational school principals recognise that the lack of equity arises from a different educational experience and the scope of what is taught in vocational programmes. Existing educational policy mechanisms aimed at addressing the less favourable status of vocational school pupils are insufficient to equalise the opportunities of pupils from various secondary school programmes.
AbstractThe prohibition of interfaith marriage is stipulated in the Indonesian Marriage Law where this practice is considered valid when conducted according to the laws of each respective religion ...and belief. This is supported by the Compilation of Islamic Law, regulating the prohibition of interfaith marriage. This research aimed to analyze the prohibition of interfaith marriage using a qualitative methodology with normatively on the regulations and Indonesian Supreme Court Decision Number 1977/K/PDT/2017. The results showed that Supreme Court Justices reject the review of the rules governing interfaith marriage submitted by a couple (Islam and Christianity). This was because the concept violated the Human Rights Law, the Marriage Law, the Compilation of Islamic Law, and the Fatwa of the Indonesian Ulema Council. Furthermore, the decision was in conflict with human rights concerning an individual’s freedom to have beliefs and form a family. Pluralist groups also viewed this prohibition as more of a political nature under the guise of religion. Therefore, many interfaith couples preferred unregistered marriage abroad before recording in the Civil Registry Office, which represented a form of legal smuggling in Indonesia as the impact of perplex on this issue.