The present research investigates gender gaps in the results of secondary school exit exams (Matura) in mathematics in Poland in 2015. The analysis shows that, in the basic level exam, males are ...highly overrepresented at the upper end of the score distribution. The same pattern did not exist in the extended-level Matura. Two explanations are offered here. The differences are driven by gender self-selection in high school programs. Students who decide on maths-related tracks have more maths lessons than other students. Secondly, a student who takes the extended Matura also has to take the basic Matura exam. As a result, the population of students taking the basic Matura is highly differentiated in terms of maths competence and motivation. Additionally, the analysis of differential item functioning (DIF) shows that only a few items were flagged as having DIF.
The study focuses on matura exams conducted at secondary technical schools in Czechoslovakia during the so-called normalisation period (1969-1989). It describes their form, organisation and course. ...At the same time, however, it also presents the practice (including the reasons for this practice) that the communist regime in Czechoslovakia used to influence the exams. The text is based on the recollections of eyewitnesses - secondary technical school teachers, obtained through the oral history method within the historiographical approach of the history of everyday life, as well as on the study of historical archival sources, period legislation and periodicals. In addition to the actual form, organisation and course of the matura exam at secondary technical schools, the study shows how teachers and students coped with the challenges posed by the communist regime in relation to the exams.
AbstractEvidence from literature shows that wellbeing has been considerably picking the drift for a decade as a path to find oneself in a chaotic world. Complimentary to this, the tourism industry is ...invested in tailoring its services and paying attention to tourist wellbeing. Therefore, this study pioneers in reviewing the plethora of research that amplifies tourist wellbeing and attempts to redefine its conceptualization in addition to underscoring the need for its practical application. We strengthened the methodology by using the SMART approach to define the literature’s parameters, PRISMA for the purpose of data transparency and R bibliometric tools for a comprehensive analysis of data. The inclusion of records at every stage was presented using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, 2020. N = 279 papers were extracted from Scopus for the final synthesis using Bibliometric tools to map the prospects of the domain. Findings highlight the need to broaden the horizons of tourist wellbeing in concept and practice to make the industry more sustainable and resilient. The responsibility to rebuild tourist-wellbeing vests on stakeholders and scholars by underscoring the potential of the contemporary tourism industry. This study lays out a foundational dimension for future research in the area of tourist wellbeing.
Impact of foreign aid on Nigerian economy Rojík, Stanislav; Maitah, Mansoor; Malec, Karel ...
Cogent social sciences,
12/2024, Letnik:
10, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
AbstractThe study critically assessed the impact of foreign aid on the Nigerian economy with a specific interest in official development assistance from 1980 to 2019. It employed the ARDL bounds ...testing approach to cointegration and finds a long-run relationship among the variables employed. Furthermore, the estimated results suggest that official development assistance as a form of foreign aid and credit extensions does not contribute to the progress of the Nigerian economy, it rather retards it. Also, the study concludes both the short and long run that the labor force contributes to economic progress in Nigeria, whereas gross capital formation just like foreign aid retards growth. The Granger causality test reveals no sign of either unidirectional or bidirectional causal relationship between official development assistance and economic growth in Nigeria. The study recommends that adequate support through credit extensions to SMEs should be fostered to strengthen domestic capital formation. The originality of this work lies in its rigorous analysis of the long-term impact of official development assistance on the Nigerian economy, employing the ARDL bounds testing approach. The findings challenge conventional wisdom and offer valuable insights into the dynamics of foreign aid and economic growth in Nigeria. However, this study has certain limitation. The study temporal scope spans from 1980 to 2019 due to limited data.
AbstractThe desire to make transport infrastructure a universal good that all who need it could use has stimulated research works on assessing the impact of transport decisions on social welfare and ...equitable distribution of cost, benefits and opportunities. To trigger alternative policy debates, this paper employs the social equity framework and spells out the socio-economic pitfalls and undesired consequences of road infrastructure expansion and the power dynamics involved in Ethiopia. Data were collected and analysed through literature review, and inductive and normative analysis techniques. The paper found that although the massive road development is driven by the country’s developmental state political economy, international partners have stimulated the desire through the provision of finance. Thus, the large sum of money pumped into road infrastructure has depleted resources from other social sectors such as education and health, and created an unprecedented debt burden on the country. Road expansion has also disproportionately affected the poor who have shouldered most of its undesired socio-economic impacts such as the disruption of social cohesion, displacement, congestion, traffic accidents and environmental impacts. Furthermore, it was found that the decision-making process is affected by ethnic favouritism, urban bias and a top-down approach where the rural poor and peripheral areas are deprived of the power to influence decisions and equitably benefit from any connectivity programs.
AbstractThe increase in village revenue and expenditure budgets (APBDes) has resulted in many abuses of APBDes in Indonesia. This article seeks to uncover the fundamental problems that lead to misuse ...of APBDes, namely the process of APBDes preparation, the structure of APBDes, and the primary power holders in the implementation of APBDes, where the Village Fund is the main component in the APBDes structure. By using a qualitative approach and collecting data through interviews and documentation and analyzing it with data reduction, data presentation, and data verification techniques. The research findings explain that it is important to increase direct community participation in the planning and budgeting of village funds, increase the capacity of village officials as a solution to overcome these risks, and strengthen the sub-district government in assisting the management of village funds.
AbstractAmidst the vast landscapes of Saudi Arabia lies a rich tapestry of recreational pursuits, with hunting and camping at its core. However, a comprehensive understanding of the motivations and ...challenges associated with these traditional activities remains scant. The primary objective of this study was to explore the driving factors behind individuals’ engagement in hunting and camping as recreational pursuits and to identify the challenges they encounter. Adopting a qualitative research design, 43 male participants, aged 20 to more than 50, were purposively selected and interviewed using a semi-structured format. The instrument encompassed two main sections: demographic details and four key interview questions. Thematic analysis was employed to interpret the data. Findings from this study illuminated a diverse array of motivations driving individuals towards hunting and camping activities in Saudi Arabia. These motivations span from cultural heritage, an escape from urbanization, adventure, and social bonding, to government promotions and spiritual connections. Conversely, participants face multifaceted challenges, including environmental unpredictability, bureaucratic complexities, technological intrusions, mental challenges, safety concerns, and financial constraints. Delving into these intricate dynamics, the study offers an enriched understanding of recreational motivations and their challenges in the Saudi context, bridging a notable academic gap and paving the way for future research and informed policy-making.
AbstractFarming communities confronted with climate change adopt formal and informal adaptation strategies to mitigate the effects of climate change. While the environmental and social effects of ...climate change are well documented, there is still a dearth of literature on girl-child marriage (formal marriage or informal union between a child under the age of 18 and an adult or another child) as a response to the effects of climate change. In this research, we ask if girl-child marriage is promoted as a social protection mechanism first, rather than as simply a response to climate-induced poverty. We use qualitative semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions to explore this question in a rural farming community in Northern Ghana. Our findings reveal that climate change shocks result in poverty and compel farmers to marry off their young daughters. The unmarried girl-child is perceived as an ‘extra mouth to feed’, a liability whose marriage becomes a strategy for protecting the family, the family’s reputation, and the girl child. The emphasis in girl-child marriage is not on the girl-child as an individual but on the family as a group. Hence, what is good for the family is assumed to be in the best interest of the girl-child. We place our analysis at the intersection of climate change, social protection, and the incidence of girl-child marriages. We argue that understanding this link is crucial and can contribute significantly to our knowledge of girl-child marriage as well as our ability to address this in Sub-Saharan Africa.
AbstractThis research provides empirical evidence that the socioeconomic improvement effect of remittances is dependent on the local status in recipient countries. Using regression and the two-stage ...least squares (2SLS) method, we first show that remittance size is associated with migration travel intentions. Second, the article demonstrates that in an unstable environment, even though remittances have a positive immediate effect, the influence of remittances on other longer-term proxies is significantly negative. Such finding is different compared with most of the current studies on remittance and its effects. The reason may be attributed to the departure of skilled workers from their home country decreases local socioeconomic development. The remittances and foreign connections help people with migration intention to move out and more easily settle in destination countries. Finally, we propose a potential policy direction to encourage local residents to directly consume or invest remittances in local society to improve development and decrease migration intentions.
AbstractThe prohibition of interfaith marriage is stipulated in the Indonesian Marriage Law where this practice is considered valid when conducted according to the laws of each respective religion ...and belief. This is supported by the Compilation of Islamic Law, regulating the prohibition of interfaith marriage. This research aimed to analyze the prohibition of interfaith marriage using a qualitative methodology with normatively on the regulations and Indonesian Supreme Court Decision Number 1977/K/PDT/2017. The results showed that Supreme Court Justices reject the review of the rules governing interfaith marriage submitted by a couple (Islam and Christianity). This was because the concept violated the Human Rights Law, the Marriage Law, the Compilation of Islamic Law, and the Fatwa of the Indonesian Ulema Council. Furthermore, the decision was in conflict with human rights concerning an individual’s freedom to have beliefs and form a family. Pluralist groups also viewed this prohibition as more of a political nature under the guise of religion. Therefore, many interfaith couples preferred unregistered marriage abroad before recording in the Civil Registry Office, which represented a form of legal smuggling in Indonesia as the impact of perplex on this issue.
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