Affect, Risk, and Decision Making Slovic, Paul; Peters, Ellen; Finucane, Melissa L ...
Health psychology,
07/2005, Letnik:
24, Številka:
4S
Journal Article
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Risk is perceived and
acted on in 2 fundamental ways.
Risk as feelings
refers to individuals'
fast, instinctive, and intuitive reactions to danger.
Risk as analysis
brings logic, reason, and ...scientific deliberation to bear on risk management. Reliance on
risk as feelings is described with "the affect heuristic." The authors
trace the development of this heuristic across a variety of research paths. The authors
also discuss some of the important practical implications resulting from ways that this
heuristic impacts how people perceive and evaluate risk, and, more generally, how it
influences all human decision making. Finally, some important implications of the affect
heuristic for communication and decision making pertaining to cancer prevention and
treatment are briefly discussed.
The increasing prevalence of multimorbidity in the United States and the rest of the world poses problems for patients and for health care providers, care systems, and policy. After clarifying the ...difference between comorbidity and multimorbidity, this article describes the challenges that the prevalence of multimorbidity presents for well-being, prevention, and medical treatment. We submit that health psychology and behavioral medicine have an important role to play in meeting these challenges because of the holistic vision of health afforded by the foundational biopsychosocial model. Furthermore, opportunities abound for health psychology/behavioral medicine to study how biological, social and psychological factors influence multimorbidity. This article describes three major areas in which health psychologists can contribute to understanding and treatment of multimorbidity: (a) etiology; (b) prevention and self-management; and (c) clinical care.
In a review of the literature from 1948 to 2001, 122 studies were found that correlated structural or functional social support with patient adherence to medical regimens. Meta-analyses establish ...significant average
r
-effect sizes between adherence and practical, emotional, and unidimensional social support; family cohesiveness and conflict; marital status; and living arrangement of adults. Substantive and methodological variables moderate these effects. Practical support bears the highest correlation with adherence. Adherence is 1.74 times higher in patients from cohesive families and 1.53 times lower in patients from families in conflict. Marital status and living with another person (for adults) increase adherence modestly. A research agenda is recommended to further examine mediators of the relationship between social support and health.
The Treatment Adherence Perception Questionnaire (TAPQ) is a new, brief self-report instrument for assessing patient perceptions and attitudes regarding their own adherence to medical treatment ...plans. It includes 3 distinct scales: Perceived Behavior, Perceived Benefit, and Perceived Burden. In contrast with existing measures, the TAPQ was expected to have a clear factor structure; have good discrimination; and assess distinct types of perception, each of which has different patterns of association with interpersonal, personality, motivational, and emotional variables. Foundational work on the TAPQ (with 891 patients) included 5 quantitative scale development studies and 1 qualitative study. The present report focuses on results from a final validation study using 450 patients recruited via market research panels to complete online questionnaires. This study included a general medical sample and a sample of people with either diabetes or hypertension. A confirmatory factor analysis specifying strict measurement invariance across these groups produced a good fit. Analysis with item-response theory suggested that the scales on the TAPQ provide good discrimination across a wide range of experience levels. The 3 scales on the TAPQ each had distinct patterns of association with criterion variables regarding conscientiousness, health behavior, motivation, affect, type of diagnosis, and interpersonal communication with health-care professionals. These effects could not be explained by another existing measure of adherence or by a measure of response bias.
Public Significance Statement
Medical patients often fail to follow recommended treatment plans and, consequently, suffer bad health outcomes. To allow researchers to study patient adherence to treatment plans, we developed a questionnaire that assesses how well patients believe they are adhering, how much they think treatment is beneficial, and how much they find it burdensome. Results suggest that each of these components is important for understanding treatment adherence.
In the present special issue of Sports Psychiatry, a series of articles discusses some of the socio-cultural, medical, and regulatory issues related to the similarities and differences of substance ...use between recreational and elite sports. This collection of themed articles illustrates the tension between therapeutic and extra-therapeutic use of substances in and outside of sports well. While in democratic societies some substance use for performance enhancement or for a psychotropic effect would seem to be on course to be eventually normalised and regulated, within professional sports the dream of a “clean” sport still has the overhand. It is promoted with such a strong drive that it has a totalitarian ring to it, carrying a risk of spiralling towards dystopian features in a dynamic of what Dimeo labelled the dichotomy of “good anti-doping” up against “evil doping”. This dynamic has created a tension with health consequences for individuals, who whether elite athletes or not, need attention and professional care. The articles in this issue remind us again that the mental health issues in sports are real and need to be better taken care of. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)
In this article, the authors discuss the medical considerations behind a treatment for anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) users. Subsequently, they provide a legal comment on the risks of criminal ...liability of health care professionals according to Article 22 of the Sports Promotion Act (SpoPA) if they proceed to treat their patients as recommended by medical guidelines. The legal analysis is based on a case study to ensure relevance and comprehensibility. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)
Objective: The current study aimed at investigating the perceived impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Italian individuals with a preexisting medical condition. Specifically, the study analyzed: (a) if ...different conditions were associated with different levels of distress, different levels of worry, and different emotion regulation strategies (i.e., cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression); and (b) if distress levels were associated with levels of worry about COVID-19, emotion regulation strategies, and changes to medical treatment due to the pandemic. Method: This cross-sectional study involved 124 individuals (79.8% female; mean age = 48.88 years; SD = 14.95) with a diagnosis of chronic disease. The questionnaires, administered during the peak of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy (April-May 2020), comprised the Perceived Stress Scale, the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, a COVID-19 worry questionnaire, and a questionnaire designed to collect anamnestic and sociodemographic data. Results: Higher levels of expressive suppression and worries related to COVID-19, and changes to medical treatment due to the pandemic, were associated with higher perceived stress in patients with a preexisting chronic disease. No differences emerged in the study variables according to the type of chronic disease. Conclusions: The results highlight the importance of considering expressive suppression, levels of worry about COVID-19, and changes to scheduled medical treatment. Screening procedures based on these factors may be useful for identifying individuals with a preexisting medical condition at higher risk of distress, in order to offer them specific and remotely delivered psychological support.
Impact and ImplicationsFindings of the present study suggest not only which factors should be screened to identify individuals at higher risk of distress during the current pandemic, but also which aspects should be addressed to offer psychological support.Moreover, changes and interruptions in medical treatment due to the pandemic should be avoided or at least limited. Policymakers and public health services should implement digital health and therapeutic procedures to remotely manage chronic conditions, when face-to-face treatments cannot be provided, as in the current pandemic (or future pandemics).
Serious Suicide Attempts and Risk of Suicide Death Prabhakar, Deepak; Peterson, Edward L.; Hu, Yong ...
Crisis : the journal of crisis intervention and suicide prevention,
09/2021, Letnik:
42, Številka:
5
Journal Article
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Background: In the US, more than one million people attempt suicide each
year. History of suicide attempt is a significant risk factor for death by suicide;
however, there is a paucity of data from ...the US general population on this relationship.
Aim: The objective of this study was to examine suicide attempts needing
medical attention as a risk for suicide death. Method: We conducted a
case-control study involving eight US healthcare systems. A total of 2,674 individuals who
died by suicide from 2000 to 2013 were matched to 267,400 individuals by year and
location. Results: Prior suicide attempt associated with a medical visit
increases risk for suicide death by 39.1 times, particularly for women
(OR = 79.2). However, only 11.3% of suicide deaths were associated with
an attempt that required medical attention. The association was the strongest for children
10-14 years old (OR = 98.0). Most suicide attempts were recorded during
the 20-week period prior to death. Limitations: Our study is limited to
suicide attempts for which individuals sought medical care. Conclusion:
In the US, prior suicide attempt is associated with an increased risk of suicide death;
the risk is high especially during the period immediately following a nonlethal
attempt.
Prior research has
shown that people mispredict their own behavior and preferences across affective states.
When people are in an affectively "cold" state, they fail to fully
appreciate how "hot" ...states will affect their own preferences and
behavior. When in hot states, they underestimate the influence of those states and, as a
result, overestimate the stability of their current preferences. The same biases apply
interpersonally; for example, people who are not affectively aroused underappreciate the
impact of hot states on other people's behavior. After reviewing research documenting such
intrapersonal and interpersonal hot-cold empathy gaps, this article examines
their consequences for medical, and specifically cancer-related, decision making, showing,
for example, that hot-cold empathy gaps can lead healthy persons to expose
themselves excessively to health risks and can cause health care providers to undertreat
patients for pain.
Misimagining the Unimaginable Ubel, Peter A; Loewenstein, George; Schwarz, Norbert ...
Health psychology,
07/2005, Letnik:
24, Številka:
4S
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Good decision making
often requires accurate predictions about how potential outcomes will make one feel.
However, people often mispredict the emotional impact of unfamiliar circumstances. For
...example, they often overestimate the emotional impact that chronic illnesses and
disability will have on their lives. In the present article, the authors look at possible
sources of error in both the happiness reports of patients with chronic illness or
disability and the happiness predictions of healthy people asked to imagine the same
illnesses and disabilities. On balance, the available evidence suggests that, whereas
patients misreport their well-being, healthy people also mispredict the emotional impact
that chronic illness and disability will have on their lives.
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