Although previous research has widely acknowledged the critical role residents play in tourism, limited evidence exists on the impact their interactions with tourists have on tourists’ own image ...formulation and intention to return/recommend the destination to others. Grounded in the mere exposure and contact theories, this research offers insights into tourists’ destination image formation in light of their interactions with local residents and tourism employees at a destination. Two independent studies were conducted in 2019 to establish the soundness of the model; a preliminary one in the city of Kavala (n = 353) and a follow-up study on the island of Thasos (n = 397), both located in Greece. Findings suggest that interaction between the two parties positively affect cognitive, affective, and conative image, predicting 64% (study 1) and 54% (study 2) of the latter’s variance. Implications to theory and practice along with recommendations for future research are provided.
People may repeatedly encounter the same misinformation when it “goes viral.” The results of four main experiments (two preregistered) and a pilot experiment (total N = 2,587) suggest that repeatedly ...encountering misinformation makes it seem less unethical to spread—regardless of whether one believes it. Seeing a fake-news headline one or four times reduced how unethical participants thought it was to publish and share that headline when they saw it again—even when it was clearly labeled as false and participants disbelieved it, and even after we statistically accounted for judgments of how likeable and popular it was. In turn, perceiving the headline as less unethical predicted stronger inclinations to express approval of it online. People were also more likely to actually share repeated headlines than to share new headlines in an experimental setting. We speculate that repeating blatant misinformation may reduce the moral condemnation it receives by making it feel intuitively true, and we discuss other potential mechanisms that might explain this effect.
Abstract Despite the widespread use of face masks to combat COVID‐19, little is known about their immediate and delayed social consequences. To understand short‐ and long‐term effects of face masks ...on interpersonal perception, we measured the evaluation of faces with and without masks at four time points—June 2020, January 2021, September 2021 and June 2022—from the early months of the pandemic in North America to the more recent, and from the implementation of mask mandates to the end of these requirements. Surprisingly, we found that, in general, faces with masks were perceived as more competent, warm, trustworthy, considerate and attractive, but less dominant and anxious than faces without masks. Moreover, differences in attributions of dominance, trustworthiness and warmth between faces with and without masks increased in a linear trend from June 2020 to June 2022. Notably, the impact of masks on perceptions of competence, considerateness, attractiveness and anxiousness did not change over time. We discuss how mask mandates can alter people's social perceptions of others who wear masks compared to those who do not wear masks and how these mandates may influence attributions of some traits more than others through mere exposure and/or social norms.
Mentally rehearsing unfamiliar first names for the purpose of categorizing them into a group produces both preference for and, more surprisingly, identification with the group of names (i.e., ...association of the names with self; Greenwald, Pickrell, & Farnham, 2002). The present research started as an effort to determine how these ‘implicit partisanship’ effects of stimulus exposures differed from the well-known mere exposure effect and whether mental rehearsal might play a role in both phenomena. Four experiments found that parallel effects on liking and association with self-occurred (a) more strongly for stimuli that were mentally rehearsed than for ones that were passively exposed, (b) equally for stimuli rehearsed individually versus categorized in groups, (c) consistently for both self-report and implicit measures, and (d) across substantial variations of stimulus types and of mental rehearsal procedures. The findings are interpreted as identifying a shared theoretical ingredient of implicit partisanship and mere exposure effects, linking these two effects more generally to phenomena of implicit self-esteem, including minimal group and mere ownership effects.
•We examined whether mental rehearsal might play a role in both implicit partisanship and mere exposure effects.•Four studies showed greater gains in liking of and identification with rehearsed than unrehearsed stimuli.•These findings suggest implicit partisanship, mere exposure, and mere ownership may have a similar theoretical basis.
Desired attitudes guide actual attitude change Vaughan-Johnston, Thomas I.; Fabrigar, Leandre R.; Xia, Ji ...
Journal of experimental social psychology,
March 2023, 2023-03-00, Letnik:
105
Journal Article
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Whereas actual attitudes represent people's evaluations of specific objects as being good or bad, desired attitudes represent the attitude positions that people wish they held. Previous work has ...established that desired attitudes can have psychological consequences, but has not yet tested the extent to which desired attitudes can predict actual attitude change. In five datasets involving a variety of populations and procedural variations, we explored how political and moral factors motivate people to form desired attitudes distinct from their actual attitudes. These desired attitudes then predicted actual attitude change occurring after the formation of the desired attitudes, even though participants received no new information about the object. The present work demonstrates an additional value of the desired attitude construct: its ability to anticipate how people's attitudes will shift in the future.
To evaluate the veracity of models of the mere exposure effect and to understand the processes that moderate the effect, we conducted a meta-analysis of the influence of repeated exposure on liking, ...familiarity, recognition, among other evaluations. We estimated parameters from 268 curve estimates drawn from 81 articles and revealed that the mere exposure effect was characterized by a positive slope and negative quadratic effect consistent with an inverted-U shaped curve. In fact, such curves were associated with (a) all visual, but not auditory stimuli; (b) exposure durations shorter than 10 s and longer than 1 min; (c) both homogeneous and heterogeneous presentation types; and (d) ratings that were taken after all stimuli were presented. We conclude that existing models for the mere exposure effect do not adequately account for the findings, and we provide a framework to help guide future research.
This is a follow up to the original The Knotted Cord published by Nova Science in 2014. It is written as a conversation between myself in 2014 and then in 2019. The conversation is structured around ...the chapters of the initial book. Thus Ireland's toxic romance with alcohol, the stigma of transgenerational alcohol and the ethical dilemma of diagnosing and managing Neurodevelopmental Disorder prenatal alcohol exposure offer the beginning thrust to the book showing what has changed in the intervening five years and what has not changed. Overall the book is a critical and academic update on the complexities of understanding transgenerational alcohol and its impacts on societies worldwide. Management has clearly been placed in a Systems of Care paradigm, which is consistent with the 2014 book. However the intervening five years have produced a new clinical instrument, the Early Childhood Service Intensity Instrument (ECSII). The clinical emphasis on mothers and children under five years of age has become the entry into decreasing the impact of transgenerational alcohol. At the moment, the teratogenic effect of alcohol on the developing fetus remains frozen in being only related to a dysmorphic face. This is far from the truth as this prenatal acquired brain injury causes a mainly hidden, non-IQ, non-Face driven Global neurodevelopmental disorder, now more correctly diagnosed as Neurodevelopmental Disorder prenatal alcohol exposure, NDPAE, DSM 5.Code 315. Lastly, the challenge of approaching transgenerational alcohol and its impacts is a challenge to traditional medical practices of child and adult care. This disconnected model of care does not fit as medical, nursing, addiction and social workers need to move out of their silos and communicate with health professionals across the age range and accept this âorphan' condition.
Although the oxygen isotope composition (δ18O) of calcite (δ18Ocalcite) and, to a lesser extent, diatom silica (δ18Odiatom) are widely used tracers of past hydroclimates (especially temperature and ...surface water hydrology), the degree to which these two hosts simultaneously acquire their isotope signals in modern lacustrine environments, or how these are altered during initial sedimentation, is poorly understood. Here, we present a unique dataset from a natural limnological laboratory to explore these issues. This study compares oxygen and hydrogen isotope data (δ18O, δ2H) of contemporary lake water samples at ~2-weekly intervals over a 2-year period (2010–12) with matching collections of diatoms (δ18Odiatom) and calcite (δ18Ocalcite) from sediment traps (at 10 m and 25 m) at Rostherne Mere (maximum depth 30 m), a well-monitored, eutrophic, seasonally stratified monomictic lake in the UK. The epilimnion shows a seasonal pattern of rising temperature and summer evaporative enrichment in 18O, and while there is a temperature imprint in both δ18Odiatom and δ18Ocalcite, there is significant inter-annual variability in both of these signals. The interpretation of δ18Odiatom and δ18Ocalcite values is complicated due to in-lake processes (e.g. non-equilibrium calcite precipitation, especially in spring, leading to significant 18Ocalcite depletion), and for δ18Odiatom, by post-mortem, depositional and possibly dissolution or diagenetic effects. For 2010 and 2011 respectively, there is a strong temperature dependence of δ18Ocalcite and δ18Odiatom in fresh trap material, with the fractionation slope for δ18Odiatom of ca. −0.2‰/°C, in agreement with several other studies. The δ18Odiatom data indicate the initiation of rapid post-mortem secondary alteration of fresh diatom silica (within ~6 months), with some trap material undergoing partial maturation in situ. Diatom δ18O of the trap material is also influenced by resuspension of diatom frustules from surface sediments (notably in summer 2011), with the net effect seen as an enrichment of deep-trap 18Odiatom by about +0.7‰ relative to shallow-trap values. Contact with anoxic water and anaerobic bacteria are potentially key to initiating this silica maturation process, as deep-trap samples that were removed prior to anoxia developing do not show enrichment. Dissolution (perhaps enhanced by anaerobic bacterial communities) may also be responsible for changes to δ18Odiatom that lead to increasing, but potentially predictable, error in inferred temperatures using this proxy. High resolution, multi-year monitoring can shed light on the complex dynamics affecting δ18Odiatom and δ18Ocalcite and supports the careful use of sedimentary δ18Odiatom and δ18Ocalcite as containing valuable hydroclimatic signals especially at a multi-annual resolution, although there remain substantial challenges to developing a reliable geothermometer on paired δ18Odiatom and δ18Ocalcite. In particular, δ18Odiatom needs cautious interpretation where silica post-mortem secondary alteration is incomplete and diatom preservation is not perfect, and we recommend dissolution be routinely assessed on diatom samples used for isotopic analyses.
We propose and support a salience explanation of exposure effects. We suggest that repeated exposure to stimuli influences evaluations by increasing salience, the relative quality of standing out ...from other competing stimuli. In Experiments 1 and 2, we manipulated exposure, presenting some stimuli 9 times and other stimuli 3 times, 1 time, or 0 times, as in previous mere exposure research. Exposure increased liking, replicating previous research (Zajonc, 1968), and increased salience, made evaluations more extreme, and made stimuli more emotionally intense. Across experiments, results of multiple mediation models and a causal chain of experiments supported the idea that salience explains these exposure effects. Fluency and apprehension, 2 constructs that have been invoked to explain mere exposure, accounted for less of these effects according to the mediation models and the chain of experiments. We next manipulated relative exposure and absolute exposure orthogonally, finding that relative exposure increases liking more than absolute exposure. Stimuli presented 9 times were liked more when other stimuli in the context were presented less than 9 times than when the other stimuli were presented more than 9 times (Experiment 4). Whereas absolute exposure had no significant effect in Experiment 4, relative exposure increased liking, extremity, and emotional intensity. In Experiment 5, a direct manipulation of salience increased liking, evaluative extremity, and emotional intensity. These results suggest that salience partially explains effects previously attributed to absolute "mere" exposure.
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