Abstract Nowadays, the commercialization of technological products is considered as one of the most important requirements in Iran to improve the economic cycle. Using indigenous technology seems to ...be a rational approach due to the sanctions; therefore, identification of important factors in the commercialization context considering market downturn conditions can play an important role in the optimal performance of companies in the markets on technological product supply. This study aimed to develop and provide a model for commercialization of technological products in market downturn conditions. This research is purposefully a practical study and an exploratory mixed research in nature. The statistical population of this study consisted of marketing and commercialization experts in qualitative stage. These experts were identified using purposive sampling along with the snowball method, among which 20 experts were finally interviewed regarding data adequacy. As well as, 123 active companies in technology-based businesses were also used to test the model. Grounded theory and structural equation approach are the methods of analysis. The data were collected through in-depth interviews with the distribution of the 47-item questionnaire. The results confirm that "intra-organizational potential" is proposed in the case of causal conditions. "Localization of modern technology" was the main phenomenon identified in the study and "institutions involved in the commercialization process" was the intervening factors identified in the model. The context of this research is also "intra-organizational commitment" and "intra-enterprise economic conditions". The main strategies included "market orientation" and "financial resources" and ultimately the main consequence of these strategies was "improve sales performance". The results of the structural equation approach confirm the relationships designed in the grounded theory model. Introduction In fact, technology commercialization is the creation of a new product, service or process based on satisfying new demand, and therefore providing it requires continuous efforts to transform the results of new products and services and their successful marketing. Accordingly, it can be stated that in addition to facilitating the process of converting ideas into product and services, market and marketing conditions are also among the issues involved in technology commercialization. The country should be able to benefit from the ability of companies operating in the field of commercialization to achieve a resilient economy and reduce dependence on developed countries' technologies. This issue is very important given the current sanctions, and failure in this area is recognized as a major challenge. Therefore, designing a model for the commercialization of technological products in technology-driven companies can have great advantages for Iran. The main question of this research is as follows: What is the pattern of technology commercialization in technology-based companies in market downturn conditions? Case study The statistical population of this study consists of two parts: (i) The first part of statistical population was related to individuals who were selected for the interview included experts in the field of commercialization of technological products and active academic elites according to the subject area. They were selected by purposeful sampling through criteria such as expertise in commercialization issues, practical experience in delivering technological products to the market, and so forth. Eight experts were identified; then the number of respondents increased by continuing the interviews using the snowball sampling method. Usually this sampling was continued until the researcher obtained the sufficient data. Thus, 20 in-depth interviews were conducted in this field, in which information were repetitive from the 15th interview onwards, and the researchers reached theoretical saturation, but interviews were continued with 20 individuals for sure. (ii) The second part of the statistical population consisted of active companies in the field of technological products. The number of these companies was 180. Using Cochran's formula, the sample size was 123 companies. The researcher has attempted to use a simple random sampling method. It was attempted to provide each senior executive of the companies with a questionnaire. SmartPLS software was used for data analysis in this study. Materials and Methods In the first part of this study, the grounded theory approach was used to identify the pattern of commercialization of technological products under recession, and the partial least squares approach was used to test the model. The interviewing tool was used in the first step and the questionnaire in the second step in order to collect data. Interview sessions began with questions about causal factors affecting the pattern of technological product commercialization in a recession (open interview) and questions continued based on the participants' response. In the questionnaire section, a 47-item questionnaire was designed based on the final model. Discussion and Results Six specific aspects of systematic pattern design were examined in this study: intra-organizational potentials were identified in the case of causal conditions; considering the technical characteristics of the organization and the intangible assets of the organization was the major component regarding the intra-organizational potential; on the other hand, the important issue of infrastructure and its enhancement is to improve performance; localization of novel technologies has been identified as a major phenomenon in the process of commercialization of technological products. The context of the phenomenon of commercialization can be described in two areas: (a) intra-organizational commitment, and (b) economic conditions prevailing in society. Commercialization can progress properly if corporate management within the organization has sufficient commitment to research and development (R&D). On the other hand, it is budget, financial resources, and targeted allocation in this area that can increase the activity in these projects. The presence of constant financial resources in companies, preventing downturns, and marketing platforms are other critical issues that can be very effective in commercialization. Marketing measures can well draw market demands in the field of technological products, and this undoubtedly provides the required background for enhancing and improving technological products tailored to market demands. Conclusion In the model of this research, the corporate strategy in the field of commercialization of products is discussed which can play an important role. On the one hand, financing is an issue that should be considered. Inexpensive financial resources as well as financial allies are a topic of great interest in the field of financing. Working in the commercialization of technological products requires extensive investment. Another strategy in this area is to focus on market orientation, activities that make commercialization successful in domestic and international markets. Undoubtedly, working properly in commercialization will have no consequence except improving sales performance and welcoming market performance. Sales performance and its improvement can transfer higher revenue to technology organizations.
Over the past decades the global fnancial system has undergone a number of major changes. The digitalization process has a major impact on the fnancial industry. One of the main features of this ...industry today is active innovation process. Financial innovations are a tool for improving the quality of fnancial system development in the context of global competition and globalization. However, the scientifc community still does not pay enough attention to empirical evidence of the impact of new fnancial instruments on the economy development. The article includes a review and systematization of theoretical approaches to the development of the term “fnancial innovations”, the concept of fnancial innovations and an assessment of their impact on the development of the fnancial system and the economy generally. The paper presents the defnitions and classifcation of fnancial innovations by scientists and researchers in this industry. Also discussed are argumentative issues about the characteristics and features of fnancial innovations.
This study evaluated the impact of a professional development program (PDP) on science lecturers' level of knowledge/understanding and the extent of use of modern technologies for improving their ...self-efficacy in teaching in the areas of students' engagement, instructional strategies, and classroom management, in some selected universities in Nigeria. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. The sample was 269 lecturers. The researchers adapted the teacher sense of efficacy scale (TSES) developed by Tschannen-Moran and Hoy (2001) for the study. The TSES has two parts (1) and (2) that contained 12 questions each. It was a validated instrument, with overall reliability indices of 0.92 and 0.95 respectively determined using Cronbach’s Alpha. The data obtained were analyzed with mean, standard deviation, and paired sample t-test. The study found that the PDP improved the lecturers' understanding of modern technologies and self-efficacy in teaching (t (268) = 30.959, p = 0.000 ˂ 0.05). Also, the PDP improved the lecturers’ extent of utilisation of modern technologies and self-efficacy in teaching (t (268) = 28.510, p = .000 ˂ .05). The study also found that the lecturers’ understanding of modern technologies after the PDP was high, but their use of modern technologies in teaching was still low. The researchers recommended that science lecturers' participation in PDPs should be regular to improve their understanding and use of modern technologies in teaching for enhanced self-efficacy and sustainable science education in developing nations.
Abstract
The study aims to measure the effect of using modern varieties on increasing the productivity of a dunum of wheat crop, and to study the economic impact of cultivar change on the ...transmission of the supply function of the wheat crop, and to determine the amount of increase in production by replacing high-producing varieties with low-yielding varieties, and the study used Harry’s model Ir_Edward Shaw in estimating the transfer coefficients in the resulting supply of the different varieties of the wheat crop for the districts and sub-districts of Salah al-Din Governorate (Tikrit, Samarra, Al-Alam, Al-Dur), according to a questionnaire form, where the sample size included (160) farmers for the wheat crop, as it was found that the use of modern technologies led to shift the supply function to the right by (1.192 ‘1.510 ’ 1.351) % respectively, which means an increase in the quantity supplied of wheat and the trend towards self-sufficiency of this crop, and from the estimation of the joint production function for farms applied to modern technologies, the results of the imaginary variable parameter (X
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) became clear. Its value was (0.811) and its sign was positive and it is significant at the level of (1%), and this means that the use of modern technologies has a positive effect by raising the productivity of farms applying modern technologies.
This study addresses the role of the most important modern scientific methods in the extraction of forensic evidence and criminal evidence. This is because from the moment a crime is committed, proof ...of the crime is the focus in the search for its perpetrator and the time required to arrest the perpetrator or prove the crime and punish him. The study discussed the role of these methods in increasing reassurance and a sense of security in society and achieving justice. Moreover, it stressed the importance of justice departments’ use of any modern technology that may contribute to this process. It also reviewed the criminal evidence system, relevant concepts, ways to develop it, as well as the role of scientific evidence and modern technologies in criminal evidence. It has become clear that along with the development of crime and its types, it is now imperative to develop forensic sciences to uncover the facts of various cases. Furthermore, it has also become clear that the use of scientific methods is caught between two issues: the first is the extent to which they infringe upon the rights and fundamental freedoms of the accused, and the second is the definitive conclusions that infringe upon these rights and freedoms. These rights and fundamental freedoms must not be sacrificed, except to the extent to which the conclusions of these methods are definitive and decisive as proof. It is also now clear that evidence resulting from the use of modern scientific methods is subject to the principle of the personal conviction of the judge, like other evidence, regardless of its scientific value, as it must be based on legitimate legal evidence. Consequently, the study recommends using the methods by which material evidence is obtained in the field of criminal investigation, given their definitive conclusions from a scientific point of view. It also recommends that to reveal the truth and to serve justice, the balance should be tipped in favour of using these methods when that constitutes an infringement upon human rights and fundamental freedoms - unless the aim of using these methods is to forcefully extract evidence from the accused or expose him to physical or psychological pressures.
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