Post-Translational Modifications (PTMs) may occur at any stage following the translation process in the lifecycle of specific proteins. PTMs regulate several cellular processes including protein ...stability, subcellular localization, and protein-protein interactions. In recent years, more and more target proteins of PTMs have been proved to be related to epigenetic regulation and cell fate. Some enzymes that catalyze PTMs have also been found to be involved in human diseases. This book intends to provide the reader with an overview of the current state of the art in this research field, which focuses on the recent advances, new findings and perspectives in cellular functions, and their clinical significance in human diseases. We hope this book will help researchers in this area.
Advances in the site-specific chemical modification of proteins, also referred to as protein bioconjugation, have proved instrumental in revolutionary approaches to designing new protein-based ...therapeutics. Of the sites available for protein modification, cysteine residues or the termini of proteins have proved especially popular owing to their favorable properties for site-specific modification. Strategies that, therefore, specifically target cysteine at the termini offer a combination of these favorable properties of cysteine and termini bioconjugation. In this review, we discuss these strategies with a particular focus on those reported recently and provide our opinion on the future direction of the field.
Written by highly respected leaders in their fields under the expert guidance of the editor, this volume covers the principles of ubiquitination and SUMOylation, presents detailed reviews of current ...and emerging concepts and highlights new advances in all areas of SUMOylation and ubiquitination. Topics of note include: the ubiquitin superfamily, the ubiquitin toolbox, onco viral exploitation of the SUMO system, small molecule modulators of desumoylation, mass spectrometry, global proteomic profiling of SUMO and ubiquitin, biotin-based approaches, genetic screening, SUMOylation networks in humans, targets for ubiquitin ligases, regulation of p53, protein homeostasis, miRNAs, DNA replication, DNA damage response, telomere biology, intracellular trafficking, regulation of angiogenesis, brain ischemia, autophagy, assembly and activity, antiviral defense, HIV infection, amyloid and amyloid-like proteins, plant immunity. This comprehensive and up-to-date book is the definitive reference volume on all aspects of SUMOylation and ubiquitination and is an essential acquisition for anyone involved in this area of biology.
Taking advantage of the coupling effect of contact electrification and electrostatic induction, triboelectric nanogenerators can effectively convert various forms of ambient mechanical energy into ...electricity, and therefore have attracted much attention, with broad applications in energy harvesting, active sensing, and biomedical therapy, which are anticipated to be an indispensable component in the era of the Internet of things. To improve the mechanical-to-electrical conversion, various strategies have been reported to engineer the materials used at the nanoscale with physical, chemical, biological, and hybrid approaches. These strategies to enhance the output performance and extend the applications of triboelectric nanogenerators are comprehensively reviewed and summarized in this article. Furthermore, perspectives are also discussed in depth, with an emphasis on future research directions to further advance developments within the field.
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Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) may provide a sustainable and pervasive energy solution in the era of “the Internet of Things.” Nanoengineering approaches to enhance the mechanical-to-electrical conversion and extend the applications of TENGs, including physical, chemical, biological, and hybrid strategies, are comprehensively reviewed by Zhou et al. Future research directions and opportunities are also discussed.
The market trend towards plant‐based protein has seen a significant increase in the last decade. This trend has been projected to continue in the coming years because of the strong factors of ...sustainability and less environmental impact associated with the production of plant‐based protein compared to animal, aside from other beneficial health claims and changes in consumers' dietary lifestyles. In order to meet market demand, there is a need to have plant‐based protein ingredients that rival or have improved quality and functionality compared to the traditional animal protein ingredients they may replace. In this review article, we present a detailed and concise summary of the functionality challenges of some plant protein ingredients with associated physical, chemical, and biological processing techniques (traditional and emerging technologies) that have been attempted to enhance them. We cataloged the differences between several studies that seek to address the functionality challenges of selected plant‐based protein ingredients without overtly commenting on a general technique that addresses the functionality of all plant‐based protein ingredients. Additionally, we elucidated the chemistry behind some of these processing techniques and how they modify the protein structure for improved functionality. Although, many food industries are shifting away from chemical modification of proteins because of the demand for clean label product and the challenge of toxicity associated with scale‐up of this technique, so physical and biological techniques are widely being adopted to produce a functional ingredient such as texturized vegetable proteins, hydrolyzed vegetable protein, clean label protein concentrates, de‐flavored protein isolates, protein flour, and grits.
Starch has been a convenient, economically important polymer with substantial applications in the food and processing industry. However, native starches present restricted applications, which hinder ...their industrial usage. Therefore, modification of starch is carried out to augment the positive characteristics and eliminate the limitations of the native starches. Modifications of starch can result in generating novel polymers with numerous functional and value-added properties that suit the needs of the industry. Here, we summarize the possible starch modifications in planta and outside the plant system (physical, chemical, and enzymatic) and their corresponding applications. In addition, this review will highlight the implications of each starch property adjustment.
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