Abstract Objectives: to describe the motor development, in the first two years of life, of children with evidence of congenital Zika virus syndrome (CZS) at birth and of children exposed to the Zika ...virus (ZIKV) during pregnancy, but without evidence of CZS. Methods: systematic review, according to the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA). The search took place in the VHL/LILACS interface and BIREME/ PubMed interface databases until March 2020. Two researchers analyzed the quality of the studies using the Johanna Briggs Institute methodology. Results: 21 articles were selected. Children with CZS have severe impairment of motor functions and a high prevalence of spastic cerebral palsy. At two years of life, most reached only early levels of motor development; with impaired vision, hearing, language, cognition, behavior, and social interaction. On the other hand, children exposed to ZIKV, but without evidence of CZS, are at lower risk, about 20% have late manifestations of delay and/or neurodevelopmental disorder. Variables associated with greater motor impairment are early maternal infection, preterm birth, lower head circumference, abnormal imaging, use of anticonvulsant, increasing age, arthrogryposis, epilepsy, deficits in vision, language, cognition, and lower income. Conclusion: Most children with CZS show severe motor impairment; a small part of those exposed to ZIKV, without evidence of the syndrome at birth, have alteration in neurodevelopment. Those children should be followed in the long-term, since some manifestations may occur belatedly.
Resumo Objetivos: analisar o desenvolvimento motor, nos dois primeiros anos de vida, de crianças com evidências da síndrome congênita pelo Zika vírus (SCZ) ao nascimento e de crianças expostas ao Zika vírus (ZIKV) durante a gestação, mas sem evidências da SCZ. Métodos: revisão sistemática, segundo as recomendações da Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA). A busca ocorreu nas bases BVS/interface LILACS e BIREME/interface PubMed até março de 2020. Duas pesquisadoras analisaram a qualidade dos estudos pela metodologia do Johanna Briggs Institute. Resultados: entre 184 publicações, selecionou-se 21 artigos. Crianças com a SCZ apresentam grave comprometimento das funções motoras e alta prevalência de paralisia cerebral espástica. Aos dois anos de vida, a maior parte atingiu apenas níveis iniciais do desenvolvimento motor; com comprometimento da visão, audição, linguagem, cognição, comportamento e interação social. Já as crianças expostas ao ZIKV, mas sem evidências da SCZ, estão em menor risco, cerca de 20% apresentam manifestações tardias de atraso e/ou anormalidade do neurodesenvolvimento. Variáveis associadas a maior comprometimento motor são: infecção materna precoce, nascimento pré-termo, menor perímetro cefálico, exame de imagem anormal, uso de anticonvulsivante, aumento da idade, artrogripose, epilepsia, déficits da visão, linguagem, cognição, e menor renda. Conclusão: a maioria das crianças com SCZ apresenta grave comprometimento motor; pequena parte das expostas ao ZIKV, sem evidências da síndrome ao nascimento, tem alteração no neurodesenvolvimento. Estas crianças devem ser acompanhadas por longo prazo, pois algumas manifestações podem ser tardias.
Learning the Designed Actions of Everyday Objects Rachwani, Jaya; Tamis-LeMonda, Catherine S; Lockman, Jeffrey J ...
Journal of experimental psychology. General,
01/2020, Letnik:
149, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
How do young children learn to use everyday artifacts-doorknobs, zippers, and so on-in the ways they were designed to be used? Although the designed actions of such objects seem obvious to adults, ...little is known about how young children learn the "hidden affordances" of everyday objects. We encouraged 115 11- to 37-month-old children to open 2 types of containers: circular jars with twist-off lids (Experiment 1) and rectangular Tupperware-style containers with pull-off lids (Experiment 2). We varied container size to examine effects of the body-environment fit on display of the designed action and successful implementation of the designed action. Results showed a developmental progression from nondesigned actions to performance of the designed twisting or pulling actions to successful implementation of the designed action. Nondesigned actions decreased with age as performance of the designed action increased. Successful implementation lagged behind performance of the designed action. That is, even after children appeared to know what to do, they were still unsuccessful in opening the container. Why? For twist-offs, very large lids were difficult to manipulate, and younger children often twisted to the right, or in both directions, and did not persist in consecutive turns to the left. Larger pull-off containers required new strategies to stabilize the base, such as holding the container against the tabletop or the chest. Findings provide insights into the body-environment factors that facilitate children's learning and implementation of the hidden affordances inherent in everyday artifacts.
Relations between walking skills and language development have been reported in 10- to 14-month-old infants. However, whether earlier emerging motor milestones also affect language skills remains ...unknown. The current research fills this gap by examining the relation between reaching and sitting skills and later language development, respectively. Reaching and sitting were assessed eight times, starting when infants (N = 29) were around 3 months of age. All assessments were completed and recorded remotely via videoconference using Skype or FaceTime. Subsequently, infants' language and motor skills were assessed via parent questionnaires (Communicative Development Inventories and Early Motor Questionnaire) at 10 and 14 months of age. Results revealed a significant correlation between the emergence of sitting skills and receptive vocabulary size at 10 and 14 months of age. Regression analyses further confirmed this pattern and revealed that the emergence of sitting is a significant predictor of subsequent language development above and beyond influences of concurrent motor skills. These findings suggest that the onset of independent sitting may initiate a developmental cascade that results in increased language learning opportunities. Further, this study also demonstrates how infants' early motor skills can be assessed remotely using videoconference.
The embodied-cognition approach views cognition and language as grounded in daily sensorimotor child-environment interactions. Therefore, the attainment of motor milestones is expected to play a role ...in cognitive-linguistic development. Early attainment of unsupported sitting and independent walking indeed predict better spatial cognition and language at later ages. However, evidence linking these milestones with the development of spatial language and evidence regarding factors that might mediate this relation are scarce. The current study examined whether exploration of spatial-relational object properties (e.g., the possibility of containing or stacking) and exploration of the space through self-locomotion mediate the effect of, respectively, age of sitting and age of walking on spatial cognition and spatial language. Thus, we hypothesized that an earlier age of sitting and walking predicts, respectively, higher levels of spatial-relational object exploration and exploration through self-locomotion, which in turn, predict better spatial cognition and spatial language at later ages. Fifty-nine Dutch children took part in a longitudinal study. A combination of tests, observations, and parental reports was used to measure motor development, exploratory behavior (age 20 months), spatial memory (age 24 months), spatial processing (age 32 months), and spatial language (age 36 months). Results show that attainment of sitting predicted spatial memory and spatial language, but spatial-relational object exploration did not mediate these effects. Attainment of independent walking predicted spatial processing and spatial language, and exploration through self-locomotion (partially) mediated these relations. These findings extend previous work and provide partial support for the hypotheses about the mediating role of exploration.
Aim
The aim of this study is to gain more insight into child and environmental factors that influence gross motor development (GMD) of healthy infants from birth until reaching the milestone of ...independent walking, based on longitudinal research.
Background
A systematic search was conducted using Scopus, PsycINFO, MEDLINE and CINAHL to identify studies from inception to February 2020. Studies that investigated the association between child or environmental factors and infant GMD using longitudinal measurements of infant GMD were eligible. Two independent reviewers extracted key information and assessed risk of bias of the selected studies, using the Quality in Prognostic Studies tool (QUIPS). Strength of evidence (strong, moderate, limited, conflicting and no evidence) for the factors identified was described according to a previously established classification.
Results
In 36 studies, six children and 11 environmental factors were identified. Five studies were categorized as having low risk of bias. Strong evidence was found for the association between birthweight and GMD in healthy full‐term and preterm infants. Moderate evidence was found for associations between gestational age and GMD, and sleeping position and GMD. There was conflicting evidence for associations between twinning and GMD, and breastfeeding and GMD. No evidence was found for an association between maternal postpartum depression and GMD. Evidence for the association of other factors with GMD was classified as ‘limited’ because each of these factors was examined in only one longitudinal study.
Conclusion
Infant GMD appears associated with two child factors (birthweight and gestational age) and one environmental factor (sleeping position). For the other factors identified in this review, insufficient evidence for an association with GMD was found. For those factors that were examined in only one longitudinal study, and are therefore classified as having limited evidence, more research would be needed to reach a conclusion.
The objective of the present research was to evaluate the level of motor coordination in 9-year-old infants belonging to sports training schools in Bogotá and Chía-Cundinamarca in a post-confinement ...context by means of the 3JS test in relation to gender, sociodemographic context, sport, confinement training and days of training. The study included 307 infants, of which: 187 were male and 120 were female. Likewise, they were grouped by sport: soccer n:113, skating n:91, basketball n:52 and tennis n:51 and, finally, by sociodemographic context 102 were evaluated in Chia-Cundinamarca and 205 in Bogotá. The study has a quantitative approach, descriptive-transversal type and with a non-probabilistic sampling. The statistical treatment was carried out using the statistical software ® version 4.1.0. The results indicate that the significant differences were established in response to gender p=0.00 better in male infants, sociodemographic context p=0.04 better in Bogotá, days of training p=0.006 better in equal or greater than four days of weekly training, training in confinement during Covid-19 p=0.02 better in those who trained and sport p=0.00 evidencing significant differences between them, having as reference soccer as the highest and tennis the lowest level correspondingly. These findings show that normal levels of motor coordination were found for all the infants evaluated according to the intervals proposed by the 3JS test, likewise, the differences were established in turn, between locomotor coordination and object control coordination according to the variables object of this study.
El objetivo de la presente investigación fue evaluar el nivel de coordinación motriz en infantes de 9 años pertenecientes a escuelas de formación deportivas en Bogotá y Chía-Cundinamarca en un contexto de post confinamiento por medio del test 3JS con relación al género, contexto sociodemográfico, deporte, entrenamiento en confinamiento y días de entrenamiento. El estudio incluyó 307 infantes, de los cuales: 187 correspondieron al género masculino y 120 al femenino. Asimismo, fueron agrupados por deporte: fútbol n:113, patinaje n:91, baloncesto n:52 y tenis n:51 y, finalmente, por contexto sociodemográfico 102 fueron evaluados en Chía-Cundinamarca y 205 en Bogotá. El estudio es de enfoque cuantitativo, de tipo descriptivo-transversal y con un muestreo no probabilístico. El tratamiento estadístico fue realizado mediante el software estadístico ® versión 4.1.0. Los resultados indican que, las diferencias significativas se establecieron en respuesta al género p=0.00 mejor en infantes masculinos, contexto sociodemográfico p=0.04 mejor en Bogotá, días de entrenamiento p=0.006 mejor en igual o mayor a cuatro días de entrenamiento semanal, entrenamiento en confinamiento durante la Covid-19 p=0.02 mejor en los que entrenaron y deporte p=0.00 evidenciando diferencias significativas entre ellas, teniendo como referencia a fútbol como la de mayor y patinaje la de menor nivel correspondientemente. Estos hallazgos evidencian que se encontraron niveles normales de coordinación motriz para todos los infantes evaluados según los intervalos propuestos por el test 3JS, asimismo, las diferencias se establecieron a su vez, entre la coordinación locomotriz y coordinación control de objetos según las variables objeto de este estudio.
Ramps used to access swimming pools are designed with a shallow slope that affords easy access for all including infants. Locomotor experience has been linked to infants’ avoidance of falling into ...the water from drop‐offs; however, the effect of such experience on infants’ behavior when a slope is offered to access the water has not been addressed. Forty‐three crawling infants (Mage = 10.63 ± 1.91 months; Mcrawling = 2.38 ± 1.77 months) and 34 walking infants (Mage = 14.90 ± 2.18 months; Mwalking = 2.59 ± 1.56 months) were tested on a new Water Slope paradigm, a sloped surface (10°) leading to deep water. No association between infants’ avoidance of submersion and locomotor experience was found. Comparison with the results of infants’ behavior on the water cliff revealed that a greater proportion of infants reached the submersion point on the water slope than fell into the water cliff. Collectively, these results indicate a high degree of specificity in which locomotor experience teaches infants about risky situations. Importantly, sloped access to deep water appears to increase the risk of infants moving into the water thereby making them more vulnerable to drowning.
Aim: To verify if there is a difference between the percentile ranks for Brazilian infants compared with norms for Canadian infants on the Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS). Method: A cross-sectional ...study in which 322 Brazilian infants, 2 to 15 months old, were administered the AIMS. Percentile ranks were calculated using norms for Canadian infants and norms from two studies of Brazilian infants. The Friedman test compared the AIMS percentile ranks for the entire sample. For reliability analysis, the interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used. Bland Altman's analysis was applied to compare percentile ranks. Results: Of the 322 evaluations analyzed, there were significant differences (p<.001) between the three percentile ranks compared. The Canadian norms presented the lowest average rating. There was good reliability between the percentile ranks (ICC > 0.75) but low agreement (Bland Altman; p<.001). Conclusion: There are differences between the Brazilian and Canadian percentile ranks and between the Brazilian percentile ranks of 2014 and 2016, and these differences may influence identification of motor development.
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