The present study examined trajectories of trait positive and trait negative affect as measured by the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule across the lifespan. Increasing levels of measurement ...invariance of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule were tested across a wide age range (18-99 years of age; 10 age groups) in a large sample (
= 3,309; 65.82% women; 74.22% with a university entrance diploma; 92.23% with German as their mother tongue). Strong invariance was established so that the latent factor means of positive and negative affect could be meaningfully compared across age groups. Age had a small effect on positive affect, which showed a reversed U-shaped function with a maximum between the ages of 40 and 50. For negative affect, there was a strong cubic age effect. Specifically, negative affect decreased until about the age of 70 and then increased again. We also found a negative covariance between positive and negative affect, which first increased slightly and then decreased across age groups until becoming positive in the oldest age group. In summary, the present study supports previous findings on age trajectories of positive and negative affect but also highlights the importance of testing for measurement invariance. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
We conducted an integrative data analysis to examine the hedonic character of nostalgia. We combined positive and negative affect measures from 41 experiments manipulating nostalgia (N = 4,659). ...Overall, nostalgia inductions increased positive and ambivalent affect, but did not significantly alter negative affect. The magnitude of nostalgia’s effects varied markedly across different experimental inductions of the emotion. The hedonic character of nostalgia, then, depends on how the emotion is elicited and the benchmark (i.e., control condition) to which it is compared. We discuss implications for theory and research on nostalgia and emotions in general.
The relationship between mindfulness and well-being has received considerable importance in positive psychological research. The aim of the present study was to examine whether self-esteem mediates ...the relationship between mindfulness and well-being. A sample of 318 Indian undergraduate university students in the age range of 18–23years completed self-report measures of mindfulness, self-esteem, affect and mental well-being. Correlation results indicated that mindfulness was associated with self-esteem, affect, and mental well-being and self-esteem was associated with affect and mental well-being. Analysis using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) showed that self-esteem fully mediated the relationship between mindfulness and positive affect and mental well-being. Furthermore, self esteem partially mediated the relationship between mindfulness and negative affect. Moreover, a multi-group analysis showed that the mediational model was not moderated by gender. The limitations and implications of the results are discussed.
•Mindfulness predicted affect and mental well-being.•Mindfulness predicted self-esteem.•Self-esteem fully mediated the mindfulness–positive affect relationship.•Self-esteem fully mediated the mindfulness–mental well-being relationship.•Self-esteem partially mediated the mindfulness–negative affect relationship.
•Simultaneously examines the temporal and longitudinal contributions of self-compassion to resilience in early adolescents.•Identifies self-compassion, positive affect, and negative affect as ...predictors of both current and future resilience.•Demonstrates positive and negative affect's partial mediating roles in the relationship between self-compassion and resilience, both cross-sectionally and longitudinally.
Self-compassion and resilience, though distinct, have been mainly independently explored in adolescents with links to various well-being and mental health outcomes. This study simultaneously investigates the temporal and longitudinal contributions of self-compassion to resilience by exploring potential mediation roles of positive and negative affects in early adolescents. The sample of the study consisted of early adolescents studying in secondary schools in Turkey. The first-wave data (T1) was collected in May 2023, involving 259 students (M = 10.92, SD = 0.70). The second-wave data (T2) was collected in September 2023 from 253 participants (M = 11.26, SD = 0.71). The results revealed that self-compassion, positive affect and negative affect predicted current and future resilience. The mediation analysis showed partial mediating roles of positive and negative affect in the cross-sectional and longitudinal association between self-compassion and resilience. This suggests that interventions focusing on enhancing self-compassion, with the potential to increase positive affect and reduce negative affect, could positively impact both current and future resilience in early adolescents.
Effect sizes are an important outcome of quantitative research, but few guidelines exist that explain how researchers can determine which effect sizes are meaningful. Psychologists often want to ...study effects that are large enough to make a difference to people's subjective experience. Thus, subjective experience is one way to gauge the meaningfulness of an effect. We propose and illustrate one method for how to quantify the smallest subjectively experienced difference—the smallest change in an outcome measure that individuals consider to be meaningful enough in their subjective experience such that they are willing to rate themselves as feeling different—using an anchor-based method with a global rating of change question applied to the positive and negative affect scale. We provide a step-by-step guide for the questions that researchers need to consider in deciding whether and how to use the anchor-based method, and we make explicit the assumptions of the method that future research can examine. For researchers interested in people's subjective experiences, this anchor-based method provides one way to specify a smallest effect size of interest, which allows researchers to interpret observed results in terms of their theoretical and practical significance.
•It is difficult to determine what a meaningful effect size should be.•Clinical/health research uses an anchor to establish clinically significant cutoffs.•The anchor-item can be used for more basic research on subjective experience.•We show how to use the anchor for positive and negative affect.•We determine a meaningful changed based on change that is subjectively experienced.
The present study examined the link between ability emotional intelligence (EI), positive and negative affect, and life satisfaction in a relatively wide sample of 721 Spanish undergraduate students. ...Data were collected using the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test, the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, and the Satisfaction with Life Scale. Correlational results indicated that ability EI was significantly and positively associated with life satisfaction and positive affect, and inversely with negative affect. Thus, positive and negative affect were significantly associated with life satisfaction in the expected way. Importantly, path analyses indicated that both positive and negative affect played a fully mediating role in the link between EI and life satisfaction. These results add to the small but growing literature about EI, assessed by a performance-based measure, and well-being, and encourage further research about affective processes by which these emotional skills influence diverse well-being outcomes.
•Emotional intelligence was associated with life satisfaction.•Positive and negative affect were associated with life satisfaction.•Positive and negative affect fully mediated the emotional intelligence–life satisfaction link.
Spirituality and religiosity have been found to be positive predictors of subjective well-being, even if results are not altogether consistent across studies. This mixed evidence is probably due to ...the inadequate operationalization of the constructs as well as the neglect of the moderation effect that the individuals' religious status can have on the relation between spirituality/religiosity and subjective well-being. The current study aimed to investigate the relationship of spirituality and religiosity with subjective well-being (operationalized as both life satisfaction and balance between positive and negative affect) and to test whether differences exist according to individuals' religious status (religious, non-religious, and uncertain). Data were collected from 267 Italian adults aged 18-77 (
= 36.68; SD = 15.13), mainly women (59.9%). In order to test the role of spirituality (operationalized as Purpose, Innerness, Interconnection, and Transcendence) and religiosity (operationalized as three dimensions of the religious identity: Commitment, In-depth Exploration, and Reconsideration of Commitment) in subjective well-being, two path analysis models were run, one for each predictor. To test the invariance of the two models across the individuals' religious status, two multi-group models were run. The models concerning spirituality were tested on the entire sample, finding that spirituality had a positive impact on subjective well-being (except for the dimension of Interconnection) and that this relation is unaffected by the individual's religious status. The models concerning religiosity were instead tested only on religious and uncertain, finding that the relationship between religiosity and subjective well-being changes across religious status. In particular, the main difference we found was that religious identity commitment positively predicted satisfaction with life among religious, but not among uncertain individuals. An interpretation of the results and their implications are discussed.
Emotion regulation (ER) is a central target in the study of psychological and neurobiological processes of emotions for numerous psychological disorders. Ecological momentary assessments, overcoming ...retrospective self-reports, allow a better understanding of the relation between the use of ER strategies and daily life affective experiences. A systematic review and meta-analyses of studies testing these relations through experience sampling methods (ESM) and daily diaries were conducted. ESM studies showed significant large effect sizes in contemporaneous relations between negative affect (NA) and rumination, suppression, and worry, and in both contemporaneous and prospective relations between positive affect (PA) and reappraisal; medium effect sizes in prospective relations between NA and rumination, and PA and distraction; and a small effect size in the prospective relation between NA and suppression. Daily diary studies showed significant large effect sizes in contemporaneous relations between NA and rumination and suppression, and in both contemporaneous and prospective relations between PA and reappraisal; medium effect sizes in contemporaneous relations between PA and acceptance, and problem-solving; and a small effect size in the prospective relation between NA and reappraisal. These findings shed light on the temporal relations between the use of ER strategies and affective experiences and highlight conceptual and methodological limitations in the field.
•A meta-analysis of daily life emotion regulation strategies and affect was conducted.•37 experience sampling methods (ESM) and 39 daily diary studies were included.•Reappraisal, acceptance, problem-solving were related to ongoing positive affect.•Reappraisal and distraction were prospectively related to next-time positive affect.•Rumination and suppression were related to ongoing and next-time negative affect.
Both mindfulness and emotional intelligence are associated with positive life outcomes, including greater subjective well-being. The present study examined whether emotional intelligence mediates the ...relationship between mindfulness and subjective well-being. Participants completed measures of characteristic mindfulness, emotional intelligence, and affect and life satisfaction as indices of subjective well-being. Higher levels of mindfulness were associated with greater emotional intelligence, positive affect, and life satisfaction and lower negative affect. Higher levels of emotional intelligence were associated with greater positive affect and life satisfaction and lower negative affect. Emotional intelligence mediated between mindfulness and higher positive affect, lower negative affect, and greater life satisfaction. These results provide information regarding a possible process through which mindfulness exerts its beneficial effects.
Aim
To examine the relative effects of interpersonal conflict and workload on job outcomes (turnover intentions, burnout, injuries) and examine if resilience moderates the indirect effects of ...conflict and workload on job outcomes via job‐related negative effect.
Background
There is interest in understanding resilience in the nursing profession. Placing resilience in the context of the Emotion‐Centred Model of Occupational Stress (Spector, ) is a novel approach to understanding how resilience ameliorates the negative effects of workplace stressors.
Design
This study used a two‐wave survey design to collect data from 97 nurses across medical units.
Methods
Nurses working in the US were recruited in June 2014 using Qualtrics Panels, an online survey platform service that secures participants for research. Nurses were contacted via email at two time points, two weeks apart and provided a link to an online survey. SPSS v. 23 and PROCESS v2.15 were used to analyse regressions and moderated mediation.
Results/Findings
Interpersonal conflict predicted turnover intentions and burnout; workload predicted injuries. Job‐related negative affect mediated the relationships between stressors and job outcomes except for the direct effect of workload on injuries. Low resilience increased the magnitude of the indirect effects of conflict on job outcomes.
Conclusion
Job characteristics like workload predicted unique variability in self‐reported physical injuries. Conflict at work, a social stressor, predicted well‐being and job attitudes. Highly resilient nurses bounced back after experiencing conflict in the workplace. Resilience should be explored for its potential as a method to reduce the negative effects of social stressors.
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