Neuroticism has been linked to typical levels of affect, affect reactivity to negative events, and variability in affect over time. However, the intercorrelations among these characteristics make it ...unclear whether neuroticism reflects unique variance in each of these aspects of emotional life. Data from two daily-diary samples revealed that neuroticism was associated with average levels and variability of positive and negative affect and reactivity of negative affect to stressors, but was only uniquely related to mean levels of positive and negative affect. Findings highlight the substantial overlap in affect indices, suggesting that mean levels of affect, at the very least, are at the core of neuroticism, and reveal the need for further research using more nuanced approaches.
Suicide, as one of the leading causes of death for the adolescent population, both in Chile and globally, remains a complex and elusive phenomenon. This research studies the association between ...positive and negative affect in relation with suicidal ideation and suicidal attempt, given that affectivity is a fundamental basis on which people make evaluations on their satisfaction with life. First, it examines the reliability, structure, and validity of Watson's positive and negative affect scale (PANAS) scale in a representative random sample of Chilean high school students (
= 4,568). The scale evidences strong reliability coefficients and a confirmatory factor analysis, excluding one positive (excited) and one negative (nervous) item. The scale shows a satisfactory goodness of fit. Secondly, it investigates the association of PANAS positive and negative affect scores with suicidal ideation as well as reported attempt in adolescents, controlling for the potential effect of age and sex (
= 420 high school students). Low positive and high negative affect, but not sex and age, show a significant association with suicidal ideation. Suicidal ideation totally mediates the association of affect with suicide attempt, as expected. Results are discussed regarding prevention and it considers how positive and negative affect can be relevant as indicators for prevention and treatment using widely available technology.
Previous studies have indicated that there are positive effects of music and singing on well-being in adults. The aim of our study was to examine the associations between singing characteristics and ...well-being indicators (positive affect, negative affect and life satisfaction). The study participants were 221 people (75.1% female) between 18 and 70 years (M = 31.94, SD = 12.89) who were at the time actively involved in any kind of singing activities. Singing characteristics, namely, frequency of singing, singing alone or with others and importance of singing were measured by a questionnaire designed for the purpose of this research. Croatian adaptation of the shortened form of The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS; Watson & Clark, 1994) was used for measuring positive and negative affect, while The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS; Diener et al., 1985) was used for general life satisfaction. We examined the associations between singing characteristics and well-being indicators using correlational and regression analyses. Results of both analyses showed that people who considered singing highly important had higher life satisfaction, and that singing with others was associated with less negative affect. However, these associations were small in size, explaining 2.7% and 6.3% of well-being variance after controlling for age. In line with previous research, when there are significant effects of singing on well-being, they are in direction that singing is associated with higher well-being.
Abstract
Study Objectives
To prospectively examine changes in adolescent sleep before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in adolescents with and without ADHD.
Methods
Participants were 122 adolescents ...(ages 15–17; 61% male; 48% with ADHD). Parents reported on adolescents’ sleep duration and difficulties initiating and maintaining sleep (DIMS); adolescents reported on sleep patterns, sleep duration, delayed sleep/wake behaviors, and daytime sleepiness before (September 2019 to February 2020) and during (May–June 2020) COVID-19. Adolescents also reported on their health behaviors, COVID-19-related negative affect, and difficulties concentrating due to COVID-19.
Results
Parents reported adolescents had more DIMS during COVID-19 than before COVID-19, with clinically elevated rates increasing from 24% to 36%. Both bedtimes and waketimes shifted later during COVID-19, and adolescents reported more delayed sleep/wake behaviors. Adolescents also reported less daytime sleepiness and longer school night sleep duration during COVID-19. In considering differences between adolescents with and without ADHD, adolescents with ADHD did not experience an increase in school night sleep duration and were less likely to obtain recommended sleep duration during COVID-19. In the full sample, controlling for ADHD status, COVID-19-related sadness/loneliness was associated with increases in DIMS, and spending less time outside and more COVID-19-related worries/fears were associated with increases in delayed sleep/wake behaviors during COVID-19.
Conclusions
COVID-19 had negative and positive impacts on adolescent sleep. Adolescents with ADHD did not experience the benefit of increased school night sleep duration during COVID-19 like adolescents without ADHD. Negative affect and health behaviors may be useful intervention targets for reducing negative impacts of COVID-19 for adolescent sleep.
Facebook and Instagram are currently the most popular Social Network Sites (SNS) for young adults. A large amount of research examined the relationship between these SNS and well-being, and possible ...intermediate constructs such as social comparison, self-esteem, and repetitive negative thinking (RNT). However, most of these studies have cross-sectional designs and use self-report indicators of SNS use. Therefore, their conclusions should be interpreted cautiously. Consequently, the goal of the current experience sampling study was to examine the temporal dynamics between objective indicators of SNS use, and self-reports of social comparison, RNT, and daily fluctuations in negative affect. More specifically, we assessed 98 participants 6 times per day during 14 days to examine reciprocal relationships between SNS use, negative affect, emotion regulation, and key psychological constructs. Results indicate that (1) both Facebook and Instagram use predicted reduced well-being, and (2) self-esteem and RNT appear to be important intermediate constructs in these relationships. Future longitudinal and experimental studies are needed to further support and extend the current research findings.
•We conducted an experience sampling study on social network use and well-being.•Both Facebook and Instagram predict future negative affect.•Self-esteem and rumination are intermediate constructs in this relationship.
Many eating‐related psychological constructs have been proposed to explain obesity and overeating. However, these constructs, including food addiction, disinhibition, hedonic hunger, emotional ...eating, binge eating and the like all have similar definitions, emphasizing loss of control over intake. As questionnaires measuring the constructs correlate strongly (r > 0.5) with each other, we propose that these constructs should be reconsidered to be part of a single broad phenotype: uncontrolled eating. Such an approach enables reviewing and meta‐analysing evidence obtained with each individual questionnaire. Here, we describe robust associations between uncontrolled eating, body mass index (BMI), food intake, personality traits and brain systems. Reviewing cross‐sectional and longitudinal data, we show that uncontrolled eating is phenotypically and genetically intertwined with BMI and food intake. We also review evidence on how three psychological constructs are linked with uncontrolled eating: lower cognitive control, higher negative affect and a curvilinear association with reward sensitivity. Uncontrolled eating mediates all three constructs’ associations with BMI and food intake. Finally, we review and meta‐analyse brain systems possibly subserving uncontrolled eating: namely, (i) the dopamine mesolimbic circuit associated with reward sensitivity, (ii) frontal cognitive networks sustaining dietary self‐control and (iii) the hypothalamus‐pituitary‐adrenal axis, amygdala and hippocampus supporting stress reactivity. While there are limits to the explanatory and predictive power of the uncontrolled eating phenotype, we conclude that treating different eating‐related constructs as a single concept, uncontrolled eating, enables drawing robust conclusions on the relationship between food intake and BMI, psychological variables and brain structure and function.
We aggregate eating‐related constructs into a single trait, uncontrolled eating. The trait associates with body mass index, food intake and personality traits. Our review and meta‐analysis suggests three systems possibly subserving uncontrolled eating: (i) the dopamine mesolimbic circuit associated with reward sensitivity, (ii) frontal cognitive networks sustaining dietary self‐control and (iii) the hypothalamus‐pituitary‐adrenal axis, amygdala and hippocampus supporting stress and homeostasis.
The negative effect of workplace ostracism on employees has attracted increasing attention. This research, drawing on the perspective of negative reciprocity belief, in combination with the ...self-regulation theory and the person-environment theory, proposes and tests the positive effect of workplace ostracism on interpersonal deviance, which is negatively moderated by self-control (two-way) and further negatively moderated by negative affect (three-way). Based on a three-wave survey of 233 employees in China, we find that workplace ostracism is positively related to interpersonal deviance. This positive relationship is stronger when employees are low in self-control. Furthermore, this moderating effect exits only when employees’ negative affect is high. Therefore, this research theoretically explicates the positive relationship between workplace ostracism and interpersonal deviance and the boundary conditions of this relationship, and also proposes a practical way to help managers reduce the occurrence of employees’ interpersonal deviation. The theoretical contributions and practical implication have also been discussed.
•Different elements of sense of purpose vary in daily life to different extents.•Meaningful activity engagement was more variable from day to day than feeling progress toward one’s life ...goals.•Fluctuations in sense of purpose are more strongly tied to fluctuations in positive affect than negative affect.•Age and trait-level sense of purpose levels were not tied to greater variability in sense of purpose.
Sense of purpose refers to the extent to which one feels that they have personally meaningful goals and directions guiding them through life. Though this construct predicts a host of benefits, little is known regarding the extent to which sense of purpose fluctuates within an individual and the affective changes tied to those fluctuations. The current study uses daily diary data to addresses this gap by exploring (1) how much sense of purpose and different components of purpose fluctuate from one day to the next, (2) the extent to which these fluctuations correlate with positive and negative affect, and (3) whether dispositional sense of purpose and age correlate with greater variability. Participants (N = 354) reported on their sense of purpose and positive and negative affect every day for 10 days. Results suggest that approximately 45–61 % of the variability in sense of purpose scores occurs between-person depending on how it is assessed. Furthermore, the within-person variability in sense of purpose is more strongly correlated with changes in positive affect relative to negative affect. Finally, higher levels of dispositional sense of purpose and age do not appear to be associated with how much variability an individual experiences in their purposefulness from one day to next. The discussion focuses on what these findings mean for the trait-like nature of sense of purpose, short-term sense of purpose measurement, lifespan development, and intervention efforts.
Despite the simplicity of Diener's (1984) tripartite formulation of subjective well-being (SWB) – comprising life satisfaction (LS), positive affect (PA), and negative affect (NA) – ambiguity remains ...concerning its structure. Emerging research suggests a resolution based on a hierarchical conceptualization comprising a latent SWB factor with three indicators (PA, NA, LS). Extending previous research, we meta-analysed correlations among PA, NA, LS (k=40 samples, N=34,298). Meta-analytic correlations were moderate in magnitude and in the anticipated directions, and did not vary significantly as a function of sample characteristics. Further, PA, NA, and LS had substantial loadings on a latent SWB factor. Results thus provide strong support for the generalizability of the associations among PA, NA, and LS, as well as the robustness of a hierarchical structural conceptualization of SWB.
•Subjective well-being comprises life satisfaction, positive affect, negative affect•We meta-analysed correlations among these components (k = 40 samples, N = 34,298)•Correlations were moderate in magnitude and in the anticipated directions•Correlations did not vary significantly as a function of sample characteristics•Results support the generalizability of associations among SWB components
The attention paid to intraindividual phenomena in applied psychology has rapidly increased during the last two decades. However, the design characteristics of studies using daily experience sampling ...methods and the proportion of within-person variance in the measures employed in these studies vary substantially. This raises a critical question yet to be addressed: are differences in the proportion of variance attributable to within- versus between-person factors dependent on construct-, measure-, design-, and/or sample-related characteristics? A multilevel analysis based on 1,051,808 within-person observations reported in 222 intraindividual empirical studies indicated that decisions about what to study (construct type), how to study it (measurement and design characteristics), and from whom to obtain the data (sample characteristics) predicted the proportion of variance attributable to within-person factors. We conclude with implications and recommendations for those conducting and reviewing applied intraindividual research.
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