Research on how consumers react to Corporate Social Irresponsibility (CSI) has expanded significantly over the last few years. Scholars have identified the emotions caused by CSI information as an ...important area of research, since emotions drive consumer behavior. This article proposes a research agenda comprising five topics for future research that promise to advance research in this domain. First, research should develop theoretical explanations that clarify the specific role played by individual discrete emotions. Second, while existing research focuses predominantly on negative emotions, future studies could consider how positive emotions that are independent of the crisis might influence reactions to CSI. Third, scholars could explore in more depth the role that emotions play in avoidance responses, since past research has tended to focus predominantly on consumer aggression and retaliation. Fourth, research would benefit from integrating the current cross-sectional approach with a study of emotional dynamics both at the intrapersonal and at the interpersonal level. Finally, research should integrate dominant psychological perspectives with sociocultural conceptualizations of emotions. The article reviews each topic and proposes specific research questions for each of the areas identified.
关于消费者对企业社会责任缺失 (CSI) 的反应的研究在过去几年里有了显著的扩展. 学者们已经将 CSI 信息所引起的情绪作为一个重要的研究领域, 因为情绪驱动着消费者的行为. 这篇文章提出了一个研究议程, 包括五个未来研究的主题, 承诺推进该领域的研究. 首先, 研究应该发展理论解释, 阐明个体离散情绪所起的具体作用. 其次, 虽然现有的研究主要集中在负面情绪上, 但未来的研究可以考虑独立于危机之外的积极情绪如何影响人们对 CSI 的反应. 第三, 学者们可以更深入地探讨情绪在回避反应中扮演的角色, 因为过去的研究往往主要关注消费者的攻击性和报复行为. 第四, 研究将受益于整合目前的横向研究方法与在个人内部和人际关系水平的情感动态的研究. 最后, 研究应将主流心理学观点与社会文化的情感概念化相结合. 这篇文章回顾了每个主题, 并为每个确定的领域提出了具体的研究问题.
Positive affect (e.g., attentiveness) and negative affect (e.g., upset) fluctuate over time. We examined genetic influences on interindividual differences in the day-to-day variability of affect ...(i.e., ups and downs) and in average affect over the duration of a month. Once a day, 17-year-old twins in the United Kingdom (N = 447) rated their positive and negative affect online. The mean and standard deviation of each individual's daily ratings across the month were used as the measures of that individual's average affect and variability of affect. Analyses revealed that the average of negative affect was significantly heritable (.53), but the average of positive affect was not; instead, the latter showed significant shared environmental influences (.42). Fluctuations across the month were significantly heritable for both negative affect (.54) and positive affect (.34). The findings support the two-factor theory of affect, which posits that positive affect is more situational and negative affect is more dispositional.
Numerous major holidays celebrate socially gathering in person. However, in major holidays that happened during the pandemic, desires to nurture relationships and maintain holiday traditions often ...conflicted with physical distancing and other measures to protect against COVID-19. The current research sought to understand wellbeing during American Thanksgiving in 2020, which happened 8months into the COVID-19 pandemic, after months of physical distancing and stay-at-home orders. American Thanksgiving is a major holiday not limited to any religion. We asked 404 American adults how they spent Thanksgiving Day and to report on their experiences of that day. Predictors of wellbeing that we drew from self-determination theory were satisfaction of the fundamental needs for social connection (relatedness), for doing what one really wants (autonomy), and feeling effective (competence). The predictors of wellbeing that we drew from regulatory focus theory were a focus on growth (promotion), and a focus on security (prevention). We found that feeling socially connected and focusing on growth related most strongly to wellbeing. Additionally, participants who saw even one other person face-to-face reported significantly higher relatedness satisfaction, promotion focus, and wellbeing than those who did not. Our research could help construct persuasive messages that encourage nurturing close relationships at major holidays while remaining safe against the virus.
This exploratory study assessed the association between agency and life satisfaction, as well as the potential for life satisfaction, in its turn, to alleviate trauma symptoms and reduce negative ...emotion in a group of children exposed to war and military violence in Palestine. Two hundred and fifty Palestinian children, who had been recruited at primary schools in urban and rural areas, and refugee camps, completed the Multilevel Student’s Life Satisfaction Scale, Children’s Hope Scale (CHS), Children’s Impact of Event Scale (CRIES) and Positive and Negative Affect Scales. We performed structural equation modelling to evaluate the effects of agency on negative emotions and trauma symptoms via life satisfaction. The participants appeared to play an agentic role in mobilizing their own life satisfaction, and the more satisfied they were with their lives, the less they suffered from trauma symptoms. In terms of clinical practice, we advocate more active and participatory approaches to fostering children’s agency, a complex construct in need of further investigation via mixed-method quanti-qualitative and ethnographic studies.
The associations of anxiety and depression with metabolic syndrome (MetS) are not consistent across studies. Anxiety and depression are highly correlated and traditional methods don't take the ...structure of this correlation into account. Our aim is to disentangle the relationship of these emotional conditions with MetS, using bifactor models, modelling both general and specific aspects between anxiety and depression.
Bifactor models were tested using the baseline data from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (n = 13,584). Anxiety and depression were accessed with the Clinical Interview Schedule - Revised. MetS was measured through assessment of its continuous components.
A bifactor S-1 model better represent the 14 CIS-R indicators, composed by an internalizing factor corresponding to depressive symptoms, anxiety, worry and the shared variance of all remaining CIS-R indicators, and also by residual variance explained by a somatic (e.g., fatigue and pain) and fear (e.g., panic and phobias) specific factors. Internalizing spectrum (β = 0.116; p < 0.001) and the fear specific factor (β = 0.060; p = 0.008) were associated with MetS after adjusting for confounders, whereas somatic specific factor was unlikely to be associated with MetS (β = 0.002; p = 0.934).
Anxiety and depression indicators were associated with MetS via a shared internalizing factor and also by a residual fear factor, but not by somatic residual factor. This finding has potential implications about shared biological and behavioral mechanisms that may link emotional conditions with MetS in adults.
•Associations of anxiety and depression with metabolic syndrome (MetS) are inconsistent possibly due to high correlation.•Bifactor models can disentangle communalities and specificities from depression and anxiety.•Anxiety and depression can be modelled by an internalizing spectrum and residual fear and somatic specific factors.•Internalizing spectrum and fear are associated with MetS in an adjusted structural equation model.•Symptoms of anxiety and depression may share biological and behavioral mechanisms that are linked with MetS.
While negative affect and problem-solving deficits have been consistently linked to suicidal thoughts and behaviors, the latter are often conceptualized and studied as time- and/or context-invariant. ...Though requiring additional empirical support, theory suggests that discrimination may strengthen the relation between rejection sensitivity and increases in negative affect as well as declines in problem-solving abilities following rejection. The aim of the current study was to test this claim using a social rejection paradigm (i.e., Cyberball) with young adults experiencing past-month suicidal ideation.
The sample consisted of 50 participants. Lifetime discrimination and rejection sensitivity were assessed prior to Cyberball. Negative affect and problem-solving abilities were assessed pre- and post-Cyberball. SPSS and the PROCESS macro were used to test relations among variables of interest.
Rejection sensitivity predicted greater problem-solving decrements, but not negative affect, following rejection among individuals who had experienced higher (vs. lower) levels of lifetime discrimination.
Addressing rejection sensitivity and sources of discrimination within the context of treatment may reduce the impact of social rejection on problem-solving abilities among young adults at risk for suicide.
The prevalence of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has been considered a major threat to physical and mental health around the world, causing great pressure and mortality threat to most people. The ...current study aimed to investigate the neurological markers underlying the relationship between perceived mortality threat (PMT) and negative affect (NA). We examined whether the regional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF) and resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) before the COVID-19 outbreak (October 2019 to December 2019, wave 1) were predictive for NA and PMT during the mid-term of the COVID-19 pandemic (February 22 to 28, 2020, wave 2) among 603 young adults (age range 17-22, 70.8% females). Results indicated that PMT was associated with spontaneous activity in several regions (e.g., inferior temporal gyrus, medial occipital gyrus, medial frontal gyrus, angular gyrus, and cerebellum) and their RSFC with the distributed regions of the default mode network and cognitive control network. Furthermore, longitudinal mediation models showed that ALFF in the cerebellum, medial occipital gyrus, medial frontal gyrus, and angular gyrus (wave 1) predicted PMT (wave 2) through NA (wave 2). These findings revealed functional neural markers of PMT and suggest candidate mechanisms for explaining the complex relationship between NA and mental/neural processing related to PMT in the circumstance of a major crisis.
Desire thinking is an emerging construct in the addictive behaviours literature. No research, to date, has investigated its contribution to problematic alcohol use and nicotine dependence in patient ...samples when accounting for established predictors of addictive behaviours. The present study sought to clarify, in patient samples, the relative contribution of desire thinking in the associations between negative affect, impulsivity and thought suppression on the one hand and craving, problematic alcohol use and nicotine dependence on the other. To achieve this goal, two groups of individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD) (n = 370; age range = 15–67 years) and nicotine dependence (n = 365; age range = 17–75 years) were selected, and measures of negative affect, impulsivity, thought suppression, craving, desire thinking, problematic alcohol use and nicotine dependence were completed by both groups. Results showed that in both groups, negative affect and thought suppression indirectly affected alcohol and nicotine craving, problematic alcohol use and nicotine dependence through the mediating role of desire thinking. The present study shows the independent role of desire thinking in predicting problematic alcohol use and nicotine dependence in patient samples, indicating its potential relevance for treatment.
A feeling of vulnerability is believed to be one of the foundations upon which paranoia is built. Factors that may increase vulnerability include negative affective states, low self-esteem and high ...social rejection sensitivity. Body image, which is one aspect of the overall self-esteem, has recently been shown to be associated with paranoia. However, little is known about factors underlying this association. In this online study conducted on a non-clinical sample (n = 539, 65.5% of female), self-report data assessing paranoia-like thoughts, body image, self-esteem, negative emotions, rejection sensitivity as well as various attitudes and beliefs related to body appearance were collected. The results revealed a significant serial mediation effect of negative emotions, self-esteem and rejection sensitivity in the relationship between body image and paranoia-like thoughts. Parallel mediation analysis showed an effect of social criticism as the only one of four studied groups of beliefs related to body appearance in the relationship between paranoia-like thoughts and body image. Moreover, paranoia-like thoughts were increased in people who were not satisfied with their body, both as a result of feeling too thin and overweight. To conclude, body image is an important factor related to paranoia-like thoughts, through its association with increased vulnerability and negative general self-view. The findings highlight the importance of negative emotions, low self-esteem and high rejection sensitivity, as well as the role of critical comments and lack of perceived acceptance as potential (socially-focused) mechanisms paving the way from negative body image to paranoia-like thoughts.
•Body image concerns are associated with elevated levels of paranoia in the non-clinical sample.•Body image is linked to paranoia via negative emotions, self-esteem and rejection sensitivity in the non-clinical sample.•Social criticism plays a role in the link between body image and paranoia-like thoughts.•Dissatisfaction with body image is associated with higher levels of paranoia-like thoughts.
•We reviewed studies of the relations between cannabis use and affect in daily life.•Cannabis use may relieve negative affect and anger/hostility in clinical samples.•Findings for other affects in ...clinical samples and for community samples are mixed.•Cannabis use disorder may influence momentary associations for community samples.•Well-characterized samples will enhance the future integration of findings.
Although cannabis is often used for the purposes of relieving negative affective states such as anxiety and depression, the associations between cannabis use and affect in daily life are unclear. Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) has been used to study these associations in individuals’ natural environments, providing more ecological validity, minimizing retrospective bias, and allowing for the analysis of within-individual processes over time. This review focuses on studies that utilized EMA to examine daily-life associations of cannabis use and negative and positive affective states.
We review the findings of the 19 articles that met inclusion criteria, including clinical and community samples.
Results provide equivocal evidence regarding relations between cannabis use and affect for community samples. Findings are mixed for clinical samples as well, but more consistent patterns emerge for general negative affect (NA) and anger/hostility at the momentary level; cannabis use may be more likely following increased NA and lead to decreases in NA and anger/hostility in psychiatric populations.
Findings support a negative reinforcement hypothesis for clinical samples in terms of general NA and anger/hostility. However, discrepancies among studies point to a need to thoroughly characterize samples, consider motives for and expectancies of use, improve quantification of cannabis use, and consider co-use with other substances. Additional design recommendations are also offered for future studies.
PDF
