Zusammenfassung
Die Volkswirtschaftslehre lässt sich in zwei große Theoriegebäude untergliedern. Die Klassik und ihre Ableger, wie z. B. der Marxismus, unterstellen, dass die Preise den Kosten ...folgen, während die Neoklassik und ihre Ableger, wie z. B. die österreichische Schule der Nationalökonomie und die neoklassische Synthese des Keynesianismus, unterstellen, dass die Kosten den Preisen folgen. Nach klassischer Auffassung bestimmen sich die Preise, einschließlich der Löhne, aus den Produktionskosten. Sie konzipierte ein Gleichgewicht, in welchem die Arbeiter auf ihrem Existenzminimum verharren, während der Rest des Bruttosozialprodukts den Kapitalisten und den Grundherrn zukommt. Marx betrachtete dieses Gleichgewicht als instabil, da es die Kapitalisten immer reicher mache, was letztlich zu einer Revolution und danach zu einem Gleichgewicht einer sozialistischen Wirtschaft mit vergesellschafteten Produktionsfaktoren führen würde.
Nach neoklassischer Auffassung bestimmten sich die Preisrelationen nach den Grenznutzenrelationen der Güter und die Produktion sollte bis zu jenem Punkt ausgedehnt werden, an welchem die Grenzkostenrelationen den Grenznutzenrelationen entsprächen. Während die reine Neoklassik ein stabiles Gleichgewicht auf dieser Grundlage postuliert, unterstellt die österreichische Schule ein ständiges Entdeckungsverfahren, nach welchem die Volkswirtschaft immer in Bewegung ist. Der orthodoxe Keynesianismus unterstellt, dass Sparen der Investition folgt und die Zinspolitik daher wirkungslos sein könne (Liquiditätsfalle). Daher verwirft er das Gleichgewichtskonzept vollends und etablierte eine volkswirtschaftliche Ungleichgewichtstheorie, nach welcher die Volkswirtschaft nur durch ständige wirtschaftspolitische Interventionen in Form einer permanenten Regulierung des Marktmechanismus in geordneten Bahnen gehalten werden könne. Die Weltwirtschaftskrise und die jüngste Finanzkrise geben dieser Sicht recht.
Svrha ekonomske aktivnosti jest povećanje blagostanja pojedinaca, a zaposlenost je ključna za to blagostanje. Čini se da su obje tvrdnje očite. Ipak, ekonomske politike često su protiv interesa ...radnika. Stiglitz tvrdi da objašnjenje tome leži u komodifikaciji rada u neoklasičnoj ekonomiji, što pogoršavaju stalni tržišni propusti, preslaba politička zastupljenost radnika i rašireno zagovaranje politika “sklonih tržištu”, koje pretpostavljaju da se pitanja učinkovitosti mogu rješavati izolirano od pitanja pravičnosti i distribucije. Vlade – a u širem smislu i međunarodna zajednica – imaju ključnu ulogu u afirmiranju stajališta da razvitak znači više od samoga gomilanja kapitala.
Which schools of thought are favored by German economists? What makes a good economist and which economists have been most influential? These questions were addressed in a survey, conducted in the ...summer of 2006 among the members of the ‘Verein für Socialpolitik’, the association of German speaking economists. An econometric analysis is used to identify to what extent ideological preferences or personal factors determine the respondents’ answers. Our results suggest that German economists favor Neoclassics as a school of thought and appreciate the contributions of their Anglo-Saxon colleagues much more than their fellow compatriots’ contributions. Furthermore, a ‘good’ economist should have expertise in a certain field, as well as a broader knowledge of general economics. Some of the results can be compared to Colander (2008). The results indicate that graduate programs noted for their American style greatly influence a student’s opinion as to what attributes a good economist must have.
Four types of “economics” relevant for institutional analysis are distinguished: Standard Neoclassical Economics; Socio-Economics or Social Economics; New Institutional Economics; and Psychological ...Economics (often misleadingly called Behavioural Economics). The paper argues that an extension of Neoclassical Economics with elements from other social sciences (including political science, sociology, psychology, law and anthropology) is fruitful to explain institutions because it allows us to maintain the strength of that approach. Social Economics can play an important role helping to overcome the limitations of Neoclassics. However, it should become more concrete, integrate what is useful in Neoclassics, and should seriously engage in empirical research.
Four types of “economics” relevant for institutional analysis are distinguished: Standard Neoclassical Economics; Socio-Economics or Social Economics; New Institutional Economics; and Psychological ...Economics (often misleadingly called Behavioural Economics). The paper argues that an extension of Neoclassical Economics with elements from other social sciences (including political science, sociology, psychology, law and anthropology) is fruitful to explain institutions because it allows us to maintain the strength of that approach. Social Economics can play an important role helping to overcome the limitations of Neoclassics. However, it should become more concrete, integrate what is useful in Neoclassics, and should seriously engage in empirical research.
Among the few examples of Neoclassical architecture in Transylvania, József Weixelbraun’s works are important in the region’s heritage. Regrettably, his most ambitious designs, such as the Toldalagi ...mansion in Corunca and his house in Cluj, are either unknown or poorly preserved, which does not do justice to this talented but unfortunate architect. His promising career was adversely affected by a failed sugar factory project.
Među rijetkim primjerima neoklasicističke arhitekture u Transilvaniji, djela Józsefa Weixelbrauna zauzimaju važno mjesto u baštini regije. Nažalost, njegovi najambiciozniji projekti, poput vile Toldalagi u Corunci i njegove kuće u Cluju, ili su nepoznati ili su loše očuvani, što ne ide u prilog ovom talentiranom, ali nesretnom arhitektu. Na njegovu obećavajuću karijeru nepovoljno je utjecao propali projekt tvornice šećera.
A linearized multi-species collision operator valid for arbitrary masses and charges has been developed and implemented in the gyrokinetic code GYSELA (Grandgirard et al., 2016) 1. This operator has ...all the required properties: it conserves particles, total momentum and energy, fulfills the Boltzmann H theorem and recovers neoclassical results. This operator takes into account both pitch angle scattering and energy diffusion while operating in the v∥,μ phase space. Derivatives with respect to the magnetic moment are treated using a projection on a set of orthogonal polynomials. The numerical aspects of the implementation are detailed and a set of physical benchmarks allows a verification of the properties of the operator.
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