Walnut husk fly (Rhagoletis completa) is an economically important fruit fly, which attacks several species of walnuts (Juglans spp). The insect is indigenous to North America, the best method for ...trapping the walnut husk fly adults is a yellow sticky board with ammonium carbonate as an attractant. In the present paper the bionomics, geographical distribution, methods of monitoring and controlling the walnut husk fly with special emphasis on biological control of the pest are presented. In a scientific literature is a lack of information regarding biological control, however if we take into consideration the foreign researches, Slovenian legislation and our experiences we suggest for biological control of walnut husk fly the foliar application of entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana against adults, soil application of entomopathogenic nematodes against larvae in autumn and spring soil application of entomopathogenic nematodes against adults, when they emerge from pupas. Monitoring of domestic parasitoids of walnut husk fly will be in the future needed in areas where the walnuts are expanded. On different areas of the world several species of parasitoids (Coptera occidentalis, Diachasmimorpha juglandis) are mentioned as an alternative biological control agents to chemicals.
In preceding researches on occurrence of entomopathogenic nematodes in Slovenia, which started in 2007, we already recorded Steinernema affine (Bovien), S. feltiae (Filipjev) and S. carpocapsae ...(Weiser). In April 2008, 120 soil samples from 24 locations were collected in Gorenjska, Notranjska and Primorska regions as well as in Ljubljansko barje. The presence of entomopathogenic nematodes was confirmed in 9 samples from 6 locations. Only the sample C46, which was taken in the village Podbrezje in Gorenjska region, was sent to genetic analysis. Molecular biological analysis have proved the identity of the sample with the species Steinernema kraussei (Steiner). This was the first record of Steinernema kraussei in Slovenia.
V predhodnih raziskavah preučevanja razširjenosti entomopatogenih ogorčic v Sloveniji, ki potekajo od leta 2007, smo ugotovili zastopanost vrst Steinernema affine (Bovien), Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) in Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser). V aprilu 2008 smo na območjih Gorenjske, Notranjske, Primorske in Ljubljanskega barja na 24 lokacijah nabrali 120 talnih vzorcev. Zastopanost entomopatogenih ogorčic smo ugotovili v 9 vzorcih z 6 lokacij. V nadaljnjo genetsko analizo smo poslali le vzorec C46. Ta je bil odvzet v vasi Podbrezje na Gorenjskem. Z molekulsko analizo smo identificirali vrsto Steinernema kraussei (Steiner). Gre za prvo odkritje omenjene vrste entomopatogene ogorčice pri nas.
In April 2008, 120 soil samples from 24 locations were collected in Gorenjska, Notranjska and Primorska regions as well as in Ljubljansko barje. The presence of entomopathogenic nematodes was ...confirmed in 9 samples from 6 locations. Only the sample C101, which was taken in the village Svino in the area of Breginjski kot (western part of Slovenia, the vicinity of Italian border), was sent to genetic analysis. Molecular biological analysis was proved the identity of the sample with the species Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser). This was the first record of Steinernema carpocapsae in Slovenia. In preceding researches on the fauna of entomopathogenic nematodes in Slovenia, which started in 2007, we already established the occurrence of Steinernema affine (Bovien) and Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev).
V aprilu 2008 smo na območju Gorenjske, Notranjske, Primorske in Ljubljanskega barja na 24 lokacijah nabrali 120 talnih vzorcev. Zastopanost entomopatogenih ogorčic smo ugotovili v 9 vzorcih s 6 lokacij. V nadaljnjo genetsko analizo smo poslali le vzorec C101. Ta je bil odvzet v vasi Svino na območju Breginjskega kota (skrajni zahod Slovenije na meji z Italijo). Z molekulsko analizo smo identificirali vrsto Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser). Gre za prvo odkritje omenjene vrste entomopatogene ogorčice pri nas. V predhodnjih raziskavah preučevanja faune entomopatogenih ogorčic v Sloveniji, ki potekajo od leta 2007, smo ugotovili zastopanost vrst Steinernema affine (Bovien) in Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev).
Root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne ethiopica is quite unknown tropical plant parasitic species found in Slovenia and Europe in 2003 for the first time. The species is able to parasitize several ...economically important agricultural crops and therefore is very difficult to control. In our research, several approaches which can be used for M. ethiopica control were tested in pot experiment. The effects of some insecticides which are often used in the production in greenhouses, natural compounds as aqueous extract of Tagetes erecta, and the commercial natural product Azadirachtin (NeemAzal-T/S) extracted from the seeds of Indian Neem tree (Azadirachta indica) on the M. ethiopica reproduction were assessed. Test plants treatments with natural compounds reduced nematode multiplication by nearly 3 - 6 times compared to control while foliar application of Thiacloprid as well as Imidacloprid had no effect on nematode reproduction. The treatment with Volaton G granulates (Phoxim) for ground application resulted in no nematode multiplication. Additionally, M. ethiopica reproduction ability on the tomato cultivar "Venezia" which have a Mi gene for resistance to M. incognita was tested.
Meloidogyne ethiopica spada med ogorčice koreninskih šišk in je dokaj neznana, tropska rastlinsko parazitska vrsta, ki je bila prvič ugotovljena v Sloveniji in Evropi leta 2003. Vrsta lahko zajeda številne gospodarsko pomembne kmetijske rastline in jo zaradi tega zelo težko zatiramo. V naši raziskavi smo v lončnem poskusu ovrednotili različne prijeme, ki bi bili lahko uporabni za njeno zatiranje. Preučevali smo vpliv različnih substanc na reprodukcijo ogorčice M. ethiopica. Preučili smo vpliv nekaterih insekticidov, ki se jih pogosto uporablja v proizvodnji v rastlinjakih, ter nekaterih rastlinskih izvlečkov, kot sta vodni ekstrakt iz vrste Tagetes erecta in ekstrakt semen indijskega drevesa Azadirachta indica, ki vsebuje azadirahtin in je dostopen kot komercialni pripravek NeemAzal-T/S. Zalivanje testnih rastlin z rastlinskimi izvlečki je zmanjšalo reprodukcijo ogorčic za 3 do 6 krat v primerjavi s kontrolami, medtem ko foliarno tretiranje s tiaklopridom kot tudi z imidaklopridom na reprodukcijo ni imelo učinka. Prav nasprotno je učinkoval granulat za talno tretiranje Volaton G (foksim), kjer reprodukcije ogorčic nismo opazili. Preučili smo tudi reprodukcijski potencial ogorčice M. ethiopica pri paradižniku sorte "Venezia", ki vsebuje Mi gen za odpornost na ogorčice vrste M. incognita.
In 2009, three Slovenian strains of entomopathogenic nematodes) and commercial product Entonem (active ingredient S. feltiae), were tested under laboratory conditions for their activity against adult ...cereal leaf beetles (Oulema melanopus). The nematode strains were tested at four different doses (250, 500, 1000, and 2000 infective juveniles/adult) and at three temperatures (15, 20, and 25 °C). Steinernema carpocapsae strain C101 was the most effective and showed itself to be a good alternative to chemical insecticides, and appears to have the highest potential for controlling overwintered cereal leaf beetles under field conditions. In our bioassay the temperature had the greatest influence on the efficacy of the entomopathogenic nematode strains; both S. feltiae treatments (strain B30 and Entonem) proved to work better at the lowest temperature, however the strain H. bacteriophora D54 had its best efficacy at the highest temperature in the experiment. Several species (S. feltiae and S. carpocapsae) have been efficient at lower suspension concentrations, which enables their economical usage against the cereal leaf beetle in integrated cereal production in the future.
V letu 2009 smo v laboratorijskem poskusu preizkušali učinkovitost treh domačih ras entomopatogenih ogorčic in komercialnega pripravka Entonem (aktivna snov S. feltiae) zoper odrasle osebke rdečega žitnega strgača (Oulema melanopus). Delovanje entomopatogenih ogorčic smo preizkušali pri štirih različnih koncentracijah (250, 500, 1000 in 2000 infektivnih ličink/osebek) in treh različnih temperaturah (15, 20 in 25 °C). Rasa C101 vrste Steinernema carpocapsae je bila najbolj učinkovita in bi lahko predstavljala dobro alternativo kemičnim insekticidom pri zatiranju prezimljenih odraslih osebkov rdečega žitnega strgača na prostem. V našem poskusu je imela največji vpliv na delovanje entomopatogenih ogorčic temperatura; obe obravnavanji z vrsto S. feltiae (rasa B30 in Entonem) sta bili učinkoviti tudi pri nižjih temperaturah, rasa D54 vrste H. bacteriophora pa je najbolje delovala pri najvišji temperaturi v poskusu. Ogorčici S. feltiae in S. carpocapsae sta zadovoljivo učinkovali tudi pri nižji koncentraciji suspenzije ogorčic, kar omogoča večjo gospodarnost rabo njihove uporabe pri zatiranju odraslih osebkov rdečega žitnega strgača v integrirani pridelavi žit v prihodnje.
In Slovenia only recently entomopathogenic nematodes were recorded for the first time. In the beginning of 2007, the presence of Steinernema affine was confirmed. During the further investigations in ...the same year Steinernema feltiae was recorded on the arable field near Cerknica. In the previous year this field was planted with chicory. In Slovenia, until now the entomopathogenic nematodes had a status of an exotic agents and their use was allowed only in the laboratory experiments. We expect that in Slovenia the use of these biological agents against insect pests will become important alternative to insecticides as it is known in many other countries of the world.
V Sloveniji so bile entomopatogene ogorčice prvič ugotovljene šele nedavno. V začetku leta 2007 je bila potrjena zastopanost vrste Steinernema affine, med nadaljnjimi raziskavami v istem letu pa je bila na njivi v bližini Cerknice najdena tudi ogorčica Steinernema feltiae. Na omenjenem zemljišču so leto prej pridelovali radič. Doslej so imele entomopatogene ogorčice v Sloveniji status tujerodnih organizmov, njihova uporaba pa je bila dovoljena le v laboratorijskih poskusih. Pričakujemo, da bo v Sloveniji uporaba omenjenih naravnih sovražnikov škodljivih žuželk postala pomembna alternativa insekticidom, kar je sicer že znano v številnih drugih državah sveta.
This is a report on the presence of Meloidogyne spp., Helicotylenchus multicintus and Pratylenchus goodeyi in roots of banana crops in Crete.
To je poročilo o najdbi parazitskih ogorčic Meloidogyne ...spp., Helicotylenchus multicintus in Pratylenchus goodeyi v koreninah bananovcev na Kreti.
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