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•Edible oils were comprehensively reviewed for phenolic profile.•Different classes of polyphenolic compounds were presented in details.•Hydroxybenzoic, hydroxycinnamic acid and ...flavonoids were common in oils.•Widely studied oils were soybean, sunflower, olive, and brassica oils.•Phenolic compounds in edible oils possess several health benefits.
Edible oils are used as a frying medium and in the preparation of several food products. They are mainly constituting triacylglycerols as major components, while other compounds are classified as minor constituents, which include polyphenols. This class of compounds plays an important role in the thermal stability and quality attributes of the finished industrial food products. In addition to other antioxidants, the desired thermal stability of edible is achieved by either fortification or mixing of edible oils. This comprehensive review was therefore aimed to review the different classes of polyphenolic compounds present in commonly consumed edible oils. The edible oils reviewed include soybean, olive, rapeseed, canola, sunflower, flaxseed, sesame, cottonseed, palm, almond, peanut, chestnut, coconut, and hazelnut oils. The identified classes of polyphenolic compounds such as simple phenols, hydroxybenzoic acids, phenylethanoids, hydroxycinnamic acid, esters of hydroxycinnamic acids, coumarins & chromans, stilbenes, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and lignans were discussed. It was observed that a single edible from different origins showed the varied composition of the different classes of phenolic compounds. Among the oils, soybean, sunflower, olive, and brassica oils received higher attention in terms of polyphenol composition. Some classes of phenolic compounds were either not reported or absent in one edible oil, while present in others. Among the different classes of phenolics, hydroxybenzoic acids, hydroxycinnamic acid and flavonoids were the most widely present compounds. Phenolic compounds in edible oils possess several health benefits such as antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumour, antioxidants, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, anti-diabetic properties and anti-obesity.
Designing and building structures that will withstand the unique challenges that exist in subsea operations is no easy task. As deepwater wells are drilled to greater depths, engineers are confronted ...with a new set of problems such as water depth, weather conditions, ocean currents, equipment reliability, and well accessibility, to name just a few. A definitive reference for engineers designing, analyzing and instilling offshore structures, this book provides an expert guide to the key processes, technologies and equipment that comprise contemporary offshore structures. Written in a clear and easy to understand language, the book is based on the authors 30 years of experience in the design, analysis and instillation of offshore structures. This book answers the above mentioned crucial questions as well as covers the entire spectrum of subjects in the discipline, from route selection and planning to design, construction, installation, materials and corrosion, inspection, welding, repair, risk assessment, and applicable design solutions. It yields a roadmap not only for the subsea engineer but also the project managers, estimators and regulatory personnel hoping to gain an appreciation of the overall issues and directed approaches to subsea engineering design solutions.
•Shale sample properties were characterized by low-temperature nitrogen adsorption.•The effects of number of fractures on extraction efficiency were studied.•The influences of injection pressure on ...extraction efficiency were investigated.•Weighing method and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) were used to quantify oil recovery.
Experimental works and numerical simulation approaches have revealed that CO2 huff-n-puff could be a promising enhanced oil recovery (EOR) method of shale oil reservoirs. Latest studies have shown that supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) can effectively extract oil from extremely tight reservoirs. The main emphasis of this paper is to study the influence of number of fractures and injection pressures on SC-CO2 extraction. In this study, low-temperature nitrogen adsorption experiments were firstly conducted to analyze pore size distribution, specific surface area and pore volume of shale samples from Shengli Oilfield, China. Then, we selected three shale cores with no fracture, one fracture and two fractures respectively to study the influence of number of fractures on extraction recovery (ER). In the end, the other six shale cores were used to study the influence of different injection pressures on ER. Weighing method and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method were used to calculate the ultimate ER of each core. The low-temperature nitrogen adsorption experimental results show that the overall distribution of pore size is in the 1.7 ~ 79.19 nm interval. Mesopores contribute predominantly to the specific surface area (62.3% ~ 75.5%) and total pore volume (70.8% ~ 81.6%). In the SC-CO2 extraction experiment, the existence of fractures can obviously increase ER, but more fractures do not necessarily lead to higher ER. Moreover, a higher injection pressure results in a higher ER under immiscible condition, however, the incremental ER tends to decrease. After reaching the minimum miscible pressure, the further increase of injection pressure does not have a strong influence on the final ER.
Abstract The conversion of the plant-derived omega-3 (n-3) α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3) to the long-chain eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) can be ...increased by ALA sufficient diets compared to ALA deficient diets. Diets containing ALA above an optimal level result in no further increase in DHA levels in animals and humans. The present study evaluates means of maximizing plasma DHA accumulation by systematically varying both linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6) and ALA dietary level. Weanling rats were fed one of 54 diets for three weeks. The diets varied in the percentage of energy (en%) of LA (0.07–17.1 en%) and ALA (0.02–12.1 en%) by manipulating both the fat content and the balance of vegetable oils. The peak of plasma phospholipid DHA (>8% total fatty acids) was attained as a result of feeding a narrow dietary range of 1–3 en% ALA and 1–2 en% LA but was suppressed to basal levels (∼2% total fatty acids) at dietary intakes of total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) above 3 en%. We conclude it is possible to enhance the DHA status of rats fed diets containing ALA as the only source of n-3 fatty acids but only when the level of dietary PUFA is low (<3 en%).
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•Stable crude oil/water nanoemulsions stabilized by biosurfactant are formulated.•The formulated nanoemulsions possess favorable characteristics for EOR applications.•At low shear ...rates, the emulsions showed shearing-thinning behavior.•At high shear rates, the emulsions showed shearing-thickening behavior,•Crude oil is completely recovered from the emulsion in < 1 h upon HCl addition.
The successful utilization of nanoemulsions in several applications would require the formulation of emulsions with excellent characteristics. Ideally, the nanoemulsions should be stabilized using bioemulsifiers, which do not negatively impact the environment throughout their cradle-to-grave lifetime. Thus, crude oil-in-water (O/W) nanoemulsions with exceptional properties were prepared in this study using rhamnolipid biosurfactant as a bioemulsifier. The obtained results reveal that rhamnolipid can produce O/W nanoemulsions with an average droplet size as low as 35.0 ± 6.6 nm. The nanoemulsions also have highly negative zeta potential, low interfacial tension, and long-term kinetic stability. Interestingly, almost all the formulated O/W nanoemulsions using different rhamnolipid dosages and oil/water ratios showed three different flow behaviors (i.e., shear-thinning, Newtonian, and shear-thickening at low, medium, and high shear rates, respectively). Additionally, the nanoemulsion formulated using 50/50 crude oil/water volumetric ratio displayed higher apparent viscosity than the crude oil at elevated temperatures (greater than 63 ⁰C). Furthermore, despite that all the formulated nanoemulsions were extremely stable, they can be easily, completely, and quickly (within ≤ 1 h) switched-off if needed via pH-switching. The results presented herein demonstrate the potential of biosurfactants for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and other oilfield applications.
•Effect of silica nanoparticles on polymer viscosity and oil recovery was evaluated.•Oil recovery has a direct relation with injectant viscosity.•Pore displacement efficiency increased with increase ...in nanoparticles concentration.•Silica interacts with cations to decrease degradation of the polymer.
Due to role of polymer in increasing sweep efficiency during oil recovery, much attention has been paid to the using polymer solutions in enhanced oil recovery methods. In spite of the existence of the great researches in this area, the role of nanoparticles in modification of the polymer performance in the presence of salts has not been examined before. Furthermore, there is no information about how the dispersed silica nanoparticles affect the heavy oil recovery during the polymer flooding in the presence of divalent cations. In this study, a series of polymer flooding experiments are performed in a quarter five-spot glass micromodel saturated with heavy oil. Solutions of polyacrylamide and dispersed silica nanoparticles in polyacrylamide (DSNP) with different salinities are used as the injectants to examine the effect of silica nanoparticles on the polyacrylamide performance in the presence of salts during polymer flooding of heavy oil, the oil recovery values were measured in different salinities. Furthermore, viscosity measurements are performed to help analyzing the results of polymer flooding tests. The oil recovery is measured via analysis of the continuously captured images during the displacement. Also, microscopic monitoring is used to analyze the distribution of residual heavy oil and polymer solution at the pore level. The results showed that the oil recovery decreases by increasing the salt concentration during the polyacrylamide flooding whereas in case of flooding with suspension of silica nanoparticles in polyacrylamide, decreasing rate in oil recovery is lower. The results of viscosity measurements showed that increasing the salt concentration lowers the viscosity of polyacrylamide solution to a minimum value which at higher values salts had a reverse effect and increased solution viscosity. Moreover, viscosity of silica nanosuspension in polyacrylamide was higher than that of polyacrylamide solution at the same salinity. This increase in viscosity becomes more noticeable by increasing the silica nanoparticles concentration. Finally oil recovery values versus injectant viscosity were plotted for different condition of salinity which confirmed the previous results, it means oil recovery was increased wherever injectant viscosity has been increased.
It was observed that higher oil recovery could be obtained when low-salinity (LS) water flooded a core of high-salinity initial water about 15 years ago. Such low-salinity waterflooding benefit or ...effect has drawn the oil industry attention since then. In the recent years, many researchers conducted laboratory corefloods, and several companies carried field tests. The objectives of these efforts were (1) to conform the benefits and (2) find the mechanisms of such benefit. Although most of the results confirmed the positive effect, some results showed no benefit. Many mechanisms have been proposed, but there is no consensus of the dominant mechanism(s). The oil industry is continuing the effort to discover the effect. This paper is to provide a critical review of the results and to summarize the achievements of the industry׳s effort. This paper aims to provide the status of the art. The information provided in this paper hopefully will help to speed up our further efforts to explore this effect. The following contents are reviewed: (1) history of low-salinity waterflooding; (2) laboratory observations; (3) field observations; (4) working conditions of low-salinity effect; (5) mechanisms of low-salinity waterflooding; and (6) simulation of low-salinity waterflooding.
In this paper, the mechanisms proposed in the literature and their validity are discussed.
•Provide a comprehensive review of lab results, field observation and all proposed mechanisms.•Discuss the validity of each mechanism.•Provide the personal view of possible effects of low-salinity waterflooding in real field-scale.
The fatty acid compositions of seven edible vegetable oils were investigated and correlated with their rheological behaviours and the amount of absorbed oils to fried products. All oil samples showed ...constant viscosity as a function of shear rate, exhibiting Newtonian behaviours. The highest viscosity was observed in hazelnut oil, followed by olive, canola, corn, soybean, sunflower, and grapeseed oils. In addition, a high correlation (
R
2
=
0.94) demonstrated that the flow behaviours of vegetable oils were positively governed by their major components (18:1 and 18:2 fatty acids). It was also shown that a more rapid change in viscosity with temperature was observed in the oils containing more double bonds (
R
2
=
0.71). Furthermore, even though the overall tendency was that the potato strips fried in the oils with high viscosity appeared to cause more oil uptake, a significant effect of oil types on oil uptake was not observed.
A novel swarm intelligence algorithm, discretized grey wolf optimizer (GWO), was introduced as a variable selection tool in edible blend oil analysis for the first time. In the approach, positions of ...wolves were updated and then discretized by logical function. The performance of a wolf pack, the iteration number and the number of wolves were investigated. The partial least squares (PLS) method was used to establish and predict single oil contents in samples. To validate the method, 102 edible blend oil samples containing soybean oil, sunflower oil, peanut oil and sesame oil were measured by an ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer. The results demonstrated that GWO-PLS models can provide best prediction accuracy with least variables compared with full-spectrum PLS, Monte Carlo uninformative variable elimination-PLS (MCUVE-PLS) and randomization test-PLS (RT-PLS). The determination coefficients (R
) of GWO-PLS were all above 0.95. Therefore, the research indicates the feasibility of using discretized GWO for variable selection in rapid determination of quaternary edible blend oil.
Fatty acid (FA) composition is a determinant of the physiological effects of dietary oils. This study investigated the effects of vegetable oil supplementation with different FA compositions on ...anthropometric and biochemical parameters in obese women on a hypocaloric diet with lifestyle modifications. Seventy-five women (body mass index, BMI, 30⁻39.9kg/m²) were randomized based on 8-week oil supplementation into four experimental groups: the coconut oil group (CoG,
= 18), the safflower oil group (SafG,
= 19), the chia oil group (ChG,
= 19), and the soybean oil placebo group (PG,
= 19). Pre- and post-supplementation weight, anthropometric parameters, and body fat (%BF), and lean mass percentages (%LM) were evaluated, along with biochemical parameters related to lipid and glycidemic profiles. In the anthropometric evaluation, the CoG showed greater weight loss (Δ% = -8.54 ± 2.38), and reduced BMI (absolute variation, Δabs = -2.86 ± 0.79), waist circumference (Δabs = -6.61 ± 0.85), waist-to-height ratio (Δabs = -0.041 ± 0.006), conicity index (Δabs = -0.03 ± 0.016), and %BF (Δabs = -2.78 ± 0.46), but increased %LM (Δabs = 2.61 ± 1.40) (
< 0.001). Moreover, the CoG showed a higher reduction in biochemical parameters of glycemia (Δabs = -24.71 ± 8.13) and glycated hemoglobin (Δabs = -0.86 ± 0.28) (
< 0.001). The ChG showed a higher reduction in cholesterol (Δabs = -45.36 ± 0.94), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc; Δabs = -42.53 ± 22.65), and triglycerides (Δabs = -49.74 ± 26.3), but an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc; abs = 3.73 ± 1.24,
= 0.007). Coconut oil had a more pronounced effect on abdominal adiposity and glycidic profile, whereas chia oil had a higher effect on improving the lipid profile. Indeed, supplementation with different fatty acid compositions resulted in specific responses.
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