Total parenteral nutrition is the final option for nutritional support of patients with severe intestinal failure. Lipid emulsions constitute the main source of fuel calories and fatty acids (FAs) in ...parenteral nutrition formulations. However, adverse effects on patient outcomes have been attributed to the use of lipids, mostly in relation to impaired immune defenses and altered inflammatory responses. Over the years, this issue has remained in the limelight, also because technical advances have provided no safeguard against the most daunting problems, ie, infectious complications. Nevertheless, numerous investigations have failed to produce a clear picture of the immunologic characteristics of the most commonly used soybean oil–derived lipid emulsions, although their high content of n−6 polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) has been considered a drawback because of their proinflammatory potential. This concern initiated the development of emulsions in which part of the n−6 FA component is replaced by less bioactive FAs, such as coconut oil (rich in medium-chain saturated FAs) or olive oil (rich in the n−9 monounsaturated FA oleic acid). Another approach has been to use fish oil (rich in n−3 PUFA), the FAs of which have biological activities different from those of n−6 PUFAs. Recent studies on the modulation of host defenses and inflammation by fish-oil emulsions have yielded consistent data, which indicate that these emulsions may provide a tool to beneficially alter the course of immune-mediated conditions. Although most of these lipids have not yet become available on the US market, this review synthesizes available information on immunologic characteristics of the different lipids that currently can be applied via parenteral nutrition support.
We compared water use for hydraulic fracturing (HF) for oil versus gas production within the Eagle Ford shale. We then compared HF water use for Eagle Ford oil with Bakken oil, both plays accounting ...for two-thirds of U.S. unconventional oil production in 2013. In the Eagle Ford, we found similar average water use in oil and gas zones per well (4.7–4.9 × 106 gallons gal/well). However, about twice as much water is used per unit of energy (water-to-oil ratio, WOR, vol water/vol oil) in the oil zone (WOR: 1.4) as in the gas zone (water-to-oil-equivalent-ratio, WOER: 0.6). We also found large differences in water use for oil between the two plays, with mean Bakken water use/well (2.0 × 106 gal/well) about half that in the Eagle Ford, and a third per energy unit. We attribute these variations mostly to geological differences. Water-to-oil ratios for these plays (0.6–1.4) will further decrease (0.2–0.4) based on estimated ultimate oil recovery of wells. These unconventional water-to-oil ratios (0.2–1.4) are within the lower range of those for U.S. conventional oil production (WOR: 0.1–5). Therefore, the U.S. is using more water because HF has expanded oil production, not because HF is using more water per unit of oil production.
Oil deterioration during deep-frying influences the quality of fried foods to a great extent. In this study, the frying performance of six vegetable oils, i.e., hemp, lupin, oat, rapeseed, soy, and ...sunflower, was evaluated following short-term (60 min) deep-frying of French fries at 180 °C. The frying oils were investigated for fatty acid profile, volatile compound composition, and parameters of oxidative stability, such as iodine, peroxide, and p-anisidine values. The examination showed that the content of ƩPUFA in hemp oil decreased significantly (p < 0.05) after 60 min of deep-frying, although the degree of change was relatively small (close to 1.5%). Similarly, soy oil presented a fatty acid profile prone to oxidation, and generated the highest level of peroxides at the end of the thermal treatment (PV = 16.6 ± 2.3 mEq O2 kg−1). As for the volatile compound composition of the oils, sunflower oil was extensively affected by the deep-frying treatment with a significant decrease (p > 0.05) in total terpenes, accompanied by a considerable rise in total aldehydes. Oppositely, the proportions of MUFA and PUFA of lupin and oat oils remained stable (p > 0.05) during the short-term deep-frying, indicating high stability of these oils. The research provided new data for evaluating the suitability of these oils for household food preparations.
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•Unheated hemp oil had the highest content of ƩPUFA.•Lupin and oat oils were marginally affected by the short-term deep-frying process.•Soy oil produced the highest level of peroxides following short-term deep-frying.•The aroma profile of rapeseed oil contained sulphur containing compounds.•Terpenes were severely reduced in sunflower oil following short-term deep-frying.
Testing the composition, quality and authenticity of edible oils is crucial to safeguard the consumers' rights and health. The aim of our study was to identify oil-specific markers to enable the ...differentiation and authentication of sunflower, sesame, flaxseed and rapeseed oils, and to evaluate their antioxidant activity, total phenolic and carotenoid content. A metabolomic approach based on liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry was employed for marker discovery. Spectrophotometric method was used for determination of antioxidant activity, total phenolic and carotenoid content. 76 oil samples from the four different manufacturers were examined. We identified 13 oil-specific markers for sunflower seed oil, 8 for rapeseed oil, 5 for sesame seed oil and 3 for flaxseed oil, their retention times, accurate masses, and characteristic fragment ions are reported. The abundances of the markers for each plant species were found to vary depending on the oil producer and the product batch. Significant differences in antioxidant activity, total phenolic and carotenoid content were also observed both between oils and within oil type. The highest total phenolic content (84.03 ± 4.19 to 103.79 ± 3.67 mg of gallic acid/kg) and antioxidant activity (245.67 ± 7.59 to 297.22 ± 2.32 mg Trolox/kg) were found in sesame seed and flaxseed oils, respectively. Identified metabolic markers can be used as qualitative markers to confirm the authenticity or to detect adulterations of oils. Composition, properties and authenticity testing should be more rigorous for food products marketed as health-promoting.
•Allied In-Situ Injection and Production (AIIP) is a suitable method for shale oil.•AIIP can better supply formation energy and have a better sweeping efficiency.•The sensitivity analysis of AIIP is ...used to study the effect of AIIP parameters.•Asynchronous AIIP (A-AIIP) is a method that can delay gas breakthrough time.
Due to the problem of low formation pressure in shale oil reservoirs of the Ordos Basin, oil production decreases rapidly during primary production stage. It is crucial to maintain formation pressure through fluid injection. However, field experiences indicate that traditional fluid injection in shale oil reservoirs is difficult, which results in low injection rate, low sweep efficiency and insufficient energy supplement.
This paper presents an injection-production pattern, Allied In-situ Injection and Production (AIIP), which divides one horizontal well into 3 segments to improve fluid injectivity and sweep efficiency. Based on the field conditions of the Ordos Basin, a field-scale numerical model is built, and improving oil recovery (IOR) performance of AIIP is further investigated. Natural gas is used as the injection fluid due to its abundant reserve in Changqing Oilfield and its better IOR performance compared to nitrogen. This paper designs two schemes for AIIP, constituency AIIP (C-AIIP) and asynchronous AIIP (A-AIIP), to achieve the better IOR performance and to prevent the risk of gas breakthrough. The sensitivity analysis is further conducted, including injection-production segments length proportion, well spacing, half-length of hydraulic fracture, and soaking time. This study demonstrates that AIIP injection rate is more than six times that of vertical well injection, and the recovery of AIIP is 30.81% and 21.8% higher than that of huff-n-puff and vertical injection, respectively. The results show that AIIP method could better maintain the formation pressure and obtain a better IOR performance. A-AIIP not only achieves higher oil recovery, but also results in a later gas breakthrough time than C-AIIP.
This paper explores the feasible application of AIIP for shale oil production, since it has potential to increase sweep efficiency and fluid injectivity.
Objective
To determine the effect of diets low in saturated fatty acids and high in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) or polyunsaturated fatty acids on body composition in participants at risk for ...metabolic syndrome (MetS).
Methods
This study was a randomized, crossover, controlled feeding study. Participants (n = 101, ages 49.5 ± 1.2, BMI 29.4 ± 0.4 kg/m2) were randomized to five isocaloric diets containing treatment oils: Canola, CanolaOleic, CanolaDHA, Corn/Safflower, and Flax/Safflower. Each diet period was 4 weeks followed by a 2‐ to 4‐week washout period.
Results
Canola (3.1 kg, P = 0.026) and CanolaOleic oil diets (3.09 kg, P = 0.03) reduced android fat mass compared with the Flax/Saff oil diet (3.2 kg), particularly in men. The decrease in abdominal fat mass was correlated with the reduction in blood pressure after the Canola (systolic blood pressure: r = 0.26, P = 0.062; diastolic blood pressure: r = 0.38, P = 0.0049) and CanolaOleic oil diets (systolic blood pressure: r = 0.39 P = 0.004; diastolic blood pressure: r = 0.45, P = 0.0006). The decrease in abdominal fat mass also was associated with a reduction in triglyceride levels after the CanolaOleic oil diet (r = 0.42, P = 0.002).
Conclusions
Diets high in MUFA (compared with PUFA) reduced central obesity with an accompanying improvement in MetS risk factors. Diets high in MUFA may be beneficial for treating and perhaps preventing MetS.
Interest in edible oil extraction processes is growing interest because the final nutritional quality of the extracted oil depends on the procedure used to obtain ir. In this context, a domestic cold ...oil press machine is a valuable tool that avoids the use of chemicals during oil extraction, in an environmentally friendly way. Although babassu (
) oil is economically important in several Brazilian regions due to its nutritional and healthy features, few studies have been conducted on the chemical composition and stability of babassu oils extracted by cold pressing. Babassu oil's major constituents are saturated fatty acids (~86.42%), with the most prevalent fatty acids being lauric (~47.40%), myristic (15.64%), and oleic (~11.28%) acids, respectively, within the recommended range by Codex Alimentarius, presenting atherogenicity and thrombogenicity indexes favorable for human consumption. Peroxide value, Rancimat, and TGA/DSC results indicated that babassu oil is stable to oxidation. Also, macro- (Na, K, Ca, Mg, P) and micro-elements (Fe, Mn, Cr, Se, Al, and Zn) of babassu oil were determined, revealing levels below the tolerable upper intake level (ULs) for adults. These findings demonstrated that cold-press extraction using a domestic machine yielded a high-quality oil that kept oil chemical composition stable to oxidation with natural antioxidants.
Vegetable oils are frequently used as solvents for lipophilic materials; accordingly, the effects of their components should be considered in animal experiments. In this study, the effects of various ...vegetable oils on the course of Trypanosoma congolense infection were examined in mice. C57BL/6J mice were orally administered four kinds of oils (i.e., coconut oil, olive oil, high oleic safflower oil, and high linoleic safflower oil) with different fatty acid compositions and infected with T. congolense IL-3000. Oil-treated mice infected with T. congolense showed significantly higher survival rates and lower parasitemia than those of control mice. Notably, coconut oil, which mainly consists of saturated fatty acids, delayed the development of parasitemia at the early stage of infection. These results indicated that vegetable oil intake could affect T. congolense infection in mice. These findings have important practical implications; for example, they suggest the potential effectiveness of vegetable oils as a part of the regular animal diet for controlling tropical diseases and indicate that vegetable oils are not suitable solvents for studies of the efficacy of lipophilic agents against T. congolense.
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•Vegetable oils intake affected Trypanosoma congolense infection in mice.•Coconut oil delayed the development of parasitemia at the early stage of infection.•Vegetable oils intake did not affect the rate of change in body weight of mice.
•High-throughput screening of edible oils with a 43 MHz benchtop NMR system.•Ultrafast 2D NMR outmatches the limits of 1D NMR experiments at low field.•Authentication of edible oils according to ...their botanical origin.•Detection of olive oil adulteration by hazelnut oil.
We report the use of an Ultrafast 2D NMR approach applied on a benchtop NMR system (43 MHz) for the authentication of edible oils. Our results demonstrate that a profiling strategy based on fast 2D NMR spectra recorded in 2.4 min is more efficient than the standard 1D experiments to classify oils from different botanical origins, since 1D spectra on the same samples suffer from strong peak overlaps. Six edible oils with different botanical origins (olive, hazelnut, sesame, rapeseed, corn and sunflower) have been clearly discriminated by PCA analysis. Furthermore, we show how this approach combined with a PLS model can detect adulteration processes such as the addition of hazelnut oil into olive oil, a common fraud in food industry.
There are large, heavy oil reserves in Block X of the Xinjiang oilfields, China. Due to its large burial depth (1300 m) and low permeability (26.0 mD), the traditional steam-injection technology ...cannot be used to obtain effective development benefits. This paper conducts experimental and simulation research on the feasibility and mechanism of CO2-energized fracturing of horizontal wells and N2 foam huff-n-puff in deep heavy oil reservoirs with low permeability in order to further explore the appropriate production technology. The foaming volume of the foaming agent at different concentrations and the oil displacement effect of N2 foam at different gas/liquid ratios were compared by the experiments. The results show that a high concentration of foaming agent mixed with crude oil is more conducive to increasing the foaming volume and extending the half-life, and the best foaming agent concentration is 3.0∼4.0%. The 2D micro-scale visualization experiment results show that N2 foam has a good selective blocking effect, which increases the sweep area. The number of bubbles per unit area increases as the gas/liquid ratio increases, with 3.0∼5.0 being the optimal gas/liquid ratio. Numerical simulation results show that, when CO2-energized fracturing technology takes into account the advantages of fracturing and crude oil viscosity reduction by CO2 dissolution, the phased oil recovery factor in the primary production period can reach approximately 13.7%. A solvent pre-slug with N2 foam huff-n-puff technology is applied to improve oil recovery factor following primary production for 5∼6 years, and the final oil recovery factor can reach approximately 35.0%. The methodology formulated in this study is particularly significant for the effective development of this oil reservoir with deeply buried depth and low permeability, and would also guide the recovery of similar oil deposits.
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