Variations in the sediment input to the Namaqualand mudbelt during the Holocene are assessed using an integrative terrestrial to marine, source to sink approach. Geochemical and Sr and Nd isotopic ...signatures are used to distinguish fluvial sediment source areas. Relative to the sediments of the Olifants River, craton outcrops in the northern Orange River catchment have a more radiogenic Sr and a more unradiogenic Nd isotopic signature. Furthermore, upper Orange River sediments are rich in heavier elements such as Ti and Fe derived from the chemical weathering of Drakensberg flood basalt. Suspension load signatures change along the Orange River's westward transit as northern catchments contribute physical weathering products from the Fish and Molopo River catchment area. Marine cores offshore of the Olifants (GeoB8323-2) and Orange (GeoB8331-4) River mouths show pulses of increased contribution of Olifants River and upper Orange River input, respectively. These pulses coincide with intervals of increased terrestrial organic matter flux and increased paleo-production at the respective core sites. We attribute this to an increase in fluvial activity and vegetation cover in the adjacent catchments during more humid climate conditions. The contrast in the timing of these wet phases in the catchment areas reflects the bipolar behavior of the South African summer and winter rainfall zones. While rainfall in the Orange River catchment is related to southward shifts in the ICTZ, rainfall in the Olifants catchment is linked to northward shifts in Southern Hemisphere Westerly storm tracks. The later may also have increased southern Benguela upwelling in the past by reducing the shedding of Agulhas eddies into the Atlantic. The high-resolution records of latitudinal shifts in these atmospheric circulation systems correspond to late Holocene centennial–millennial scale climate variability evident in Antarctic ice core records. The mudbelt cores indicate that phases of high summer rainfall zone and low winter rainfall zone humidity (at ca. 2.8 and 1 ka BP) may be synchronous with Antarctic warming events. On the other hand, dry conditions in the summer rainfall zone along with wet conditions in the winter rainfall zone (at ca 3.3, 2 and 0.5 ka BP) may be associated with Antarctic cooling events.
Millipede fossils of late Permian to Early Triassic age are exceptionally rare worldwide. Two specimens of Triassic millipedes, both associated with multitaxic tetrapod aggregations, have previously ...been reported from the South African Karoo Basin. Taxa associated with millipede fossils include the cynodont Galesaurus planiceps and the parareptile Saurodektes kitchingorum (previously Owenetta kitchingorum). Here we report and briefly describe three new millipede- tetrapod associations from the Early Triassic Lystrosaurus declivis Assemblage Zone. The first includes two millipedes associated with an articulated small therocephalian Scaloposaurus constrictus, the second comprises an articulated skeleton of the dicynodont Lystrosaurus murrayi with a single millipede, and the third contains an articulated Lystrosaurus sp. specimen, also with a single millipede. In all specimens the high degree of skeletal articulation which, coupled with in-situ preservation of delicate bones and millipede exoskeletons, suggest rapid burial soon after death, and likely that they died in a place protected from weathering and agents of dispersal. Possible hypotheses to explain the presence of millipedes closely associated with articulated tetrapod skeletons include: shelter sharing, predator-prey accumulations, and postmortem scavenging by the millipedes. Of these, our taphonomic interpretation favours the latter. Within the Karoo Supergroup, the appearance of millipede fossils in the uppermost Balfour and lower Katberg formations suggests that the scarcity of plant detritus on the Karoo floodplains in the aftermath of the end-Permian mass extinction event may have contributed to millipedes switching to a more scavenging feeding strategy.
•We report three new Lower Triassic tetrapod-millipede associations from South Africa.•This brings the number of reported Karoo tetrapod-millipede associations to five.•Associated tetrapod genera are Saurodektes, Galesaurus, Scaloposaurus and Lystrosaurus.•Our taphonomic interpretation favours postmortem scavenging by the millipedes.•Scarcity of plants in the Early Triassic led to millipedes changing food sources.
The battle for neutrality Kuitenbrouwer, Vincent
Media history,
10/2019, Letnik:
25, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Following the German invasion of the Netherlands in May 1940, a Dutch government in exile was set up in London. One of the most important activities of these exiles was to make propaganda against the ...Nazi's and throughout the war they operated Radio Oranje (Radio Orange), a wireless station that broadcasted to the Netherlands using BBC-transmitters. Another part of the Dutch broadcasting outfit in England was a 'listening service' that made daily reports about Dutch-language radio broadcasts from Hilversum by the Nazi regime. This article draws from a complete, and previously unused, set of these monitoring reports to analyse the Dutch propaganda war in the ether. The source material reveals that notions of Dutch neutrality were central to the radio broadcasts at both sides of the North Sea. In addition, the reports show how the London broadcasters singled out and targeted specific Nazi propagandists whom they thought to be the most dangerous.
Abstract
Based on information board data, the Fort Oranje Ternate founded in the year 1607. It was 412 years old, where Fort Oranje constructed by masonry with main materials of the coral river and ...coast marine with lime mortar. However, Fort Oranje at the south side was collapsed on August 24th, 2017. This research is to study the collapsing problem of the fort construction, authors were investigated in field and found a collapse area about 24 meters in length, and 5.7 meters in height. In visualization views show that fort construction failure due to internal stability indication. Therefore, to measure the physical and chemical parameters of Fort Oranje construction for calculation, authors are taken some mortar samples in the field, and bring it into laboratories. In which, mortar samples have to observe the quality by using a compression machine in Structure and material laboratory, chemical contents analyzed in the Chemical laboratory. Finally, the results of the compressive test machine for lime mortar are found on average about
σ
t
′
of 1.2 MPa and it is less than 19,9 MPa for normally mortar material with cement. Geometrical fort existing consisted of width at top
b
1
of 0.70 m, width at bottom
b
2
of 1.20 m, the total weight of masonry
W
of 108.3 kN. Then, soil fill parameters such as bulk density
γ
s
of 17.2 ~ 19.2 kN/m
3
, internal friction
φ
s
of 16.5°, cohesion
c
≈ 0, and height
h
r
of 3.26 m. Finally, simulation results for height
h
k
= 3.26m ~ 3.9m are obtained factor of safety for overturning
Fs1
< 2.0, Meanwhile, a factor of safety for sliding
Fs2
at the base are found
Fs2
of 1.43 ~ 1.53. Moreover, Chemical content analyzed by XRF test method for the lime mortar sample is obtained by dominating Calcium Oxide (CaO) of 78.81%.
Despite developments in research and practice on using examinee response process data in assessment design, the use of such data in test validation is rare. Validation of Score Meaning in the Next ...Generation of Assessments Using Response Processes highlights the importance of validity evidence based on response processes and provides guidance to measurement researchers and practitioners in creating and using such evidence as a regular part of the assessment validation process. Response processes refer to approaches and behaviors of examinees when they interpret assessment situations and formulate and generate solutions as revealed through verbalizations, eye movements, response times, or computer clicks. Such response process data can provide information about the extent to which items and tasks engage examinees in the intended ways. With contributions from the top researchers in the field of assessment, this volume includes chapters that focus on methodological issues and on applications across multiple contexts of assessment interpretation and use. In Part I of this book, contributors discuss the framing of validity as an evidence-based argument for the interpretation of the meaning of test scores, the specifics of different methods of response process data collection and analysis, and the use of response process data relative to issues of validation as highlighted in the joint standards on testing. In Part II, chapter authors offer examples that illustrate the use of response process data in assessment validation. These cases are provided specifically to address issues related to the analysis and interpretation of performance on assessments of complex cognition, assessments designed to inform classroom learning and instruction, and assessments intended for students with varying cultural and linguistic backgrounds.
This contribution explores the genesis of the passages about the ‘ Inquisition’ in the first Apologie of William of Orange in 1568. It does so by studying the digitally available correspondence of ...the Prince from 1559 onwards, and thus adds to the already standing analysis of the printed apologetic pamphlets he wrote in the context of his flee to the Holy Roman Empire. From a defensive attitude, William ‘ the Silent’ would write often about ‘ the Inquisition’, first to his German correspondents, later also to those in the Low Countries. Even so, he used the word as a kind of ‘ container term’, shifting the meaning according to the contemporaneous circumstances. First, he associated Granvelle and his ‘ mandates’ to be at the origin of the Inquisition ; subsequently, he connected the ‘ Inquisition’ to the existing secular anti-heresy legislation. Afterwards, he made it a synonym for the newly promulgated Tridentine decrees, and finally, he linked the word to the newly required oath to the King and the arrival of the Duke of Alba as head of a punitive expedition. Thereby, he used different vista according to the recipients of the letters : variating on the premise of being a ‘ loyal opponent’ towards the Spanish Habsburgs, he would use the existing Black Legend and the fear of a Spanish-Papal Weltverschwörung with his German correspondents.
Cette contribution explore la genèse des passages sur l’Inquisition dans la première
Apologie de Guillaume d’Orange, en 1568. Elle le fait en étudiant la version digitalisée, actuellement disponible, des écrits du Prince à partir de 1559 plutôt qu’à leur version imprimée dans le contexte de sa fuite vers le Saint Empire romain germanique. Guillaume «le Taciturne » produira de nombreux écrits sur l’Inquisition, en adoptant une attitude défensive, d’abord à l’intention de ses correspondants allemands, plus tard à ceux des Pays-Bas. Ce faisant, il adopte une acception générique de ce terme, déplaçant le sens selon les circonstances du moment. Il considère initialement Granvelle et ses «mandats » comme à l’origine de l’Inquisition. Il la relie ensuite à la législation anti-hérésie existante, puis aux décrets tridentins nouvellement promulgués ; enfin au nouveau serment dû au roi et à l’arrivée du duc d’Albe. De ce fait, il défend des points de vue opposés selon les destinataires de ses lettres : il se prétend «adversaire loyal » envers les Habsbourg espagnols mais, lorsqu’il s’adresse à ses correspondants allemands, il fait référence à la «Légende noire » de la terreur espagnole et à la conspiration hispano-papale de domination mondiale.
Deze bijdrage schetst de oorsprong en de genese van de passages over de ‘ inquisitie’ in de eerste Apologie van Willem van Oranje uit 1568. Voor de reconstructie van diens politieke en religieuze propaganda tussen 1559 en 1568 wordt de intussen digitaal beschikbare correspondentie van Oranje geanalyseerd, eerder dan het drukwerk dat Oranje liet produceren in de eerste momenten waarin hij zich als rebel zou profileren door zijn vlucht naar het Heilig Roomse Rijk. Vanuit een defensieve houding zou de prins van Oranje steeds vaker het inquisitie-thema aansnijden, eerst tegenover Duitse correspondenten, vervolgens geleidelijk sterker in de Nederlanden. Toch gebruikte hij het geladen woord steeds voor een andere inhoud : aanvankelijk was Granvelle met diens ‘ mandaten’ de aanstoker van de inquisitie, vervolgens verbond hij de inquisitie met de reeds bestaande plakkaten, daarna met de pas afgekondigde Tridentijnse decreten en ten slotte met de nieuwe eed en de komst van Alva. Ook blijkt dat de prins duidelijk verschillende propaganda-of verdedigingsregisters gebruikte bij verschillende correspondenten. Waar hij in brieven naar de Spaans Habsburgse zijde vaak zich als loyale opposant profileerde, zou hij bij diens Duitse correspondenten vaak de bestaande Zwarte Legende over de angst van de Spaanse inquisitie en het Spaans-pauselijke wereldcomplot uitbuiten.
Derveaux Tom, Soen Violet. Tegen 'de inquisitie' : Willem van Oranje en diens vroege propaganda tegen de geloofsvervolging in de Habsburgse Nederlanden (1559-1568). In: Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire, tome 98, fasc. 2, 2020. Histoire – Geschiedenis. pp. 405-430.
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