The combination of a polymer‐based 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidinyl‐N‐oxyl (TEMPO) catholyte and a zinc anode, together with a cost‐efficient size‐exclusion membrane, builds a new type of semi‐organic, ...“green,” hybrid‐flow battery, which features a high potential range of up to 2 V, high efficiencies, and a long life time.
In order to fulfill the increasing demand for renewable energy, besides the lithium-ion batteries, other alkali (Na, K)-ion batteries are extensively investigated. However, the difficulty to find ...universal and environmentally benign electrodes for these alkali (Na, K)-ion batteries still severely restricts their development. Promising characteristics, including molecular diversity, low cost, and operation safety, endow the organic electrodes more advantages for applications in alkali-ion batteries. However, organic electrodes usually deliver a reversible capacity smaller than that of their inorganic counterparts due to sluggish ion/electron diffusion and possible dissolution in organic electrolytes. This work introduces fluorine atoms into the covalent triazine frameworks (CTF) to obtain two-dimensional layered fluorinated CTF (FCTF) and its exfoliated few-layered product (E-FCTF) and uses them as anodes of Li, Na, and K organic batteries. Exfoliated E-FCTF electrode delivers high reversible capacities, as well as excellent cycle life for alkali organic batteries (1035 mAh g–1 at 100 mA g–1 after 300 cycles and 581 mAh g–1 at 2 A g–1 after 1000 cycles for lithium organic batteries). In view of the experimental probing and the theoretical calculation, the Li storage mechanism for the E-FCTF can be determined to be an intriguing multielectronic redox reaction originated from lithium storage on the benzene ring and triazine ring units.
The structural designability of organic electrode materials makes them attractive for symmetric all‐organic batteries (SAOBs) by virtue of different plateaus. However, quite a few works have reported ...all‐organic batteries and it is still challenging to develop a high‐performance organic material for SAOBs. Herein, a small molecule, 2,3,7,8‐tetraaminophenazine‐1,4,6,9‐tetraone (TAPT), is reported for SAOBs. The rich C=O and C=N groups ensure the high capacity at both plateaus for C=O/C−O and C=N/C−N redox reactions, which are hence utilized as cathodic and anodic active centers respectively. Moreover, the presence of C=O, C=N and NH2 groups resulted in plentiful strong intermolecular interactions, leading to layered structures, insolubility and high stability. The rich functional groups also facilitated the chelation of N and O with Li cations and hence benefited the storage of Li cations. The electrochemical performances of TAPT‐based SAOBs outperformed all of the previously reported SAOBs.
A small molecule, 2,3,7,8‐tetraaminophenazine‐1,4,6,9‐tetraone (TAPT), is reported for symmetric all‐organic lithium‐ion batteries. The rich C=O, C=N and NH2 groups enabled more than two plateaus, strong and plentiful intermolecular interactions, possible chelation with Li ions and hence insolubility, high capacity and cyclability.
Aqueous rechargeable zinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs) have attracted considerable attention as a promising candidate for low‐cost and high‐safety electrochemical energy storage. However, the advancement of ...ZIBs is strongly hindered by the sluggish ionic diffusion and structural instability of inorganic metal oxide cathode materials during the Zn2+ insertion/extraction. To address these issues, a new organic host material, poly(2,5‐dihydroxy‐1,4‐benzoquinonyl sulfide) (PDBS), has been designed and applied for zinc ion storage due to its elastic structural factors (tunable space and soft lattice). The aqueous Zn‐organic batteries based on the PDBS cathode show outstanding cycling stability and rate capability. The coordination moieties (O and S) display the strong electron donor character during the discharging process and can act as the coordination arms to host Zn2+. Also, under the electrochemical environment, the malleable polymer structure of PDBS permits the rotation and bending of polymer chains to facilitate the insertion/extraction of Zn2+, manifesting the superiority and uniqueness of organic electrode materials in the polyvalent cation storage. Finally, quasi‐solid‐state batteries based on aqueous gel electrolyte demonstrate highly stable capacity under different bending conditions.
A new organic polymer has been identified as a cathode material for efficient zinc ion storage due to its elastic structural factors. The coordination moieties (O and S) display strong electron donor character during the charging process and can act as the coordination arms to synergistically host Zn2+, manifesting the superiority and uniqueness of organic electrode materials in the multi‐valence cation storage.
In times of spreading mobile devices, organic batteries represent a promising approach to replace the well‐established lithium‐ion technology to fulfill the growing demand for small, flexible, safe, ...as well as sustainable energy storage solutions. In the last years, large efforts have been made regarding the investigation and development of batteries that use organic active materials since they feature superior properties compared to metal‐based, in particular lithium‐based, energy‐storage systems in terms of flexibility and safety as well as with regard to resource availability and disposal. This Review compiles an overview over the most recent studies on the topic. It focuses on the different types of applied active materials, covering both known systems that are optimized and novel structures that aim at being established.
The search for the green battery is at the center of numerous efforts during the last years. In particular, the replacement of environmentally questionable metals by more sustainable organic materials is on the current research agenda. This review presents recent results regarding the developments of organic active materials for electrochemical energy storage.
N anoparticles of n‐type conjugated ladder polymer poly(benzobisimidazobenzophenanthroline) (BBL) and its analogue (SBBL) are prepared through a reprecipitation method. The ladder polymers are ...tested as anode materials for lithium‐ion batteries for the first time. They exhibit high capacity, good rate performance, and excellent cycle life, especially at high temperature of 50 °C.
Organic tailored materials using various aromatic carbonyl derivative polyimides are synthesized by tuning the alteration of the conjugated backbone. These materials are used as the cathodes for ...high‐power, long‐cycle, and sustainable sodium‐organic batteries.
An all‐organic battery consisting of two redox‐polymers, namely poly(2‐vinylthianthrene) and poly(2‐methacrylamide‐TCAQ) is assembled. This all‐organic battery shows excellent performance ...characteristics, namely flat discharge plateaus, an output voltage exceeding 1.3 V, and theoretical capacities of both electrodes higher than 100 mA h g−1. Both organic electrode materials are synthesized in two respective three synthetic steps using the free‐radical polymerization technique. Li‐organic batteries manufactured from these polymers prove their suitability as organic electrode materials. The cathode material poly(2‐vinylthianthrene) (3) displays a discharging plateau at 3.95 V versus Li+/Li and a discharge capacity of 105 mA h g−1, corresponding to a specific energy of about 415 mW h g−1. The anode material poly(2‐methacrylamide‐TCAQ) (7) exhibits an initial discharge capacity of 130 mA h g−1, corresponding to 94% material activity. The combination of both materials results in an all‐organic battery with a discharge voltage of 1.35 V and an initial discharge capacity of 105 mA h g−1 (95% material activity).
An all‐organic battery exhibiting a discharge voltage of 1.35 V and an initial discharge capacity of 105 mA h g−1 is represented using the two organic redox‐polymers poly(2‐vinylthianthrene) and poly(2‐methacrylamide‐TCAQ). Both polymers can be synthesized in a straightforward two, respective three step synthetic procedure, also featuring superior material activity and stability in lithium‐organic batteries.
Quasi‐solid‐state lithium‐organic batteries have attracted widespread attention in view of their high safety, good mechanical strength, compromise ionic conductivity, and environmental friendliness. ...However, most organic electrode materials suffer from the undesirable interfacial compatibility, thus causing poor cycling stability. Herein, a quinone‐fused aza‐phenazine (THQAP) is reported with multi‐active site and compatible groups as the cathode material for constructing poly(vinylidene fluoride hexafluoro propylene) (PVDF‐HFP)‐based quasi‐solid‐state lithium‐organic batteries. Benefitting from the high compatibility between cathode material (THQAP) and gel polymer electrolytes (PVDF‐HFP), the dissolution and shuttle reaction of THQAP with hydroxyl groups are suppressed compared with its counterparts (QAP) without hydroxyl groups. As a result, THQAP in quasi‐solid‐state lithium‐organic batteries not only delivers excellent reversible capacity of 240 mAh g−1 at 50 mA g−1, but also exhibits stable cyclability with capacity retention of 78% (160 mAh g−1) after 200 cycles at 200 mA g−1. This study offers a promising strategy to develop quasi‐solid‐state lithium‐organic batteries with higher capacity and cycling stability.
The quinone‐fused aza‐phenazines with multi‐active site and compatible groups are synthesized and used as the cathode materials to construct poly(vinylidene fluoride hexafluoro propylene) (PVDF‐HFP)‐based quasi‐solid‐state lithiumorganic batteries. Experimental analyses and theory calculations demonstrate the existence of the compatibility and strong interaction between the electrode/electrolyte interfaces, which leads to the improved cycling stability and rate performance.
PDF
