Abstract We have developed a new analytical peak separation analysis for superposed $$\gamma$$ γ -ray peaks on $$^{67}$$ 67 Cu and $$^{67}$$ 67 Ga to measure the $$^{68}$$ 68 Zn( p ,2 p ) $$^{67}$$ ...67 Cu and $$^{68}$$ 68 Zn( p ,2 n ) $$^{67}$$ 67 Ga reactions, unlike in most previous works that were employing a radiochemical separation to measure them. Based on the nuclear data such as the $$\gamma$$ γ -ray intensity and the half-life for each nuclide, we may develop a new analytical method that enables us to estimate the respective counts arising from each nuclide, thereby obtaining the nuclear reactions. The newly developed analytical method can universally be applied to separate the superposed $$\gamma$$ γ -ray spectra of any two nuclides, especially superior in separating the nuclides with different half-lives. In comparison with the data in the literature, the two reactions in the present work are in good agreement with those of some previous works. In addition, we compared the present $$^{68}$$ 68 Zn( p ,2 n ) $$^{67}$$ 67 Ga reaction without the peak separation to the data in the literature without the chemical separation, and find that a good agreement is evident, enhancing the reliability of the $$^{68}$$ 68 Zn( p , x ) $$^{65}$$ 65 Zn and $$^{68}$$ 68 Zn( p ,3 n ) $$^{66}$$ 66 Ga reactions, which are further measured in the present work
In the Antarctic ozone hole, ozone mixing ratios have been decreasing to extremely low values of 0.01–0.1 ppm in nearly all spring seasons since the late 1980s, corresponding to 95–99% local chemical ...loss. In contrast, Arctic ozone loss has been much more limited and mixing ratios have never before fallen below 0.5 ppm. In Arctic spring 2020, however, ozonesonde measurements in the most depleted parts of the polar vortex show a highly depleted layer, with ozone loss averaged over sondes peaking at 93% at 18 km. Typical minimum mixing ratios of 0.2 ppm were observed, with individual profiles showing values as low as 0.13 ppm (96% loss). The reason for the unprecedented chemical loss was an unusually strong, long‐lasting, and cold polar vortex, showing that for individual winters the effect of the slow decline of ozone‐depleting substances on ozone depletion may be counteracted by low temperatures.
Plain Language Summary
The severe stratospheric chemical ozone loss in the Antarctic ozone hole and its impact on human health and climate have generated widespread public, political, and scientific interest. In contrast, Arctic stratospheric ozone reduction has been much more limited because of higher temperatures and higher transport variability in the Northern Hemisphere (lower temperatures lead to more chemical loss, and more transport can increase ozone values). In the Arctic spring 2020, however, observations of balloon sondes and satellites show that locally, absolute values of ozone (measured in mixing ratios, i.e., molecules of ozone per molecules of air) are significantly lower than in any previous year and are comparable to typical local values in the Antarctic ozone hole, albeit over a much narrower vertical layer. Locally, the chemical loss of ozone peaked at 93% in the Arctic spring of 2020, compared to values of 95–99% in the Antarctic in most winters since the late 1980s. The reason for the unprecedented loss was unusually cold and stable conditions in the Arctic stratosphere.
Key Points
Local minimum ozone mixing ratios of 0.1–0.2 ppm observed by sondes in Arctic spring 2020 are significantly lower than in any previous year
Local ozone loss (93%) and low mixing ratios are comparable to typical values in the Antarctic ozone hole (95–99%, 0.01–0.1 ppm)
The reason for the unprecedented chemical loss was an unusually strong, long‐lasting, and record cold polar vortex
We use height‐resolved and total column satellite observations and 3‐D chemical transport model simulations to study stratospheric ozone variations during 1998–2017 as ozone‐depleting substances ...decline. In 2017 extrapolar lower stratospheric ozone displayed a strong positive anomaly following much lower values in 2016. This points to large interannual variability rather than an ongoing downward trend, as reported recently by Ball et al. (2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp‐18‐1379‐2018). The observed ozone variations are well captured by the chemical transport model throughout the stratosphere and are largely driven by meteorology. Model sensitivity experiments show that the contribution of past trends in short‐lived chlorine species to the ozone changes is small. Similarly, the potential impact of modest trends in natural brominated short‐lived species is small. These results confirm the important role that atmospheric dynamics plays in controlling ozone in the extrapolar lower stratosphere on multiannual time scales and the continued importance of monitoring ozone profiles as the stratosphere changes.
Plain Language Summary
Emission of long‐lived chlorine and bromine‐containing ozone‐depleting substances has led to the depletion of the ozone layer, most notably the Antarctic ozone hole. Policy action through the Montreal Protocol has phased out the production of the major long‐lived ozone‐depleting substances. Consequently, stratospheric chlorine and bromine amounts are declining, and we expect the ozone layer to slowly recover. However, although the tropical lower stratosphere is not a region where large ozone loss has so‐far been observed, a recent study by Ball et al. (2018) suggested that ozone there is decreasing, in disagreement with models and expectations of ozone recovery. We use updated observations and an atmospheric model to investigate these issues. First, we use an additional year of observations which show that ozone values in the lower stratosphere increased in 2017, which is a consequence of variations in atmospheric dynamics. Second, our 3‐D model performs well in reproducing the observed ozone variations. Although the model is not perfect, the comparisons suggest that we do have a good understanding of the lower stratospheric ozone. Third, we quantify the role of short‐lived chlorine and bromine compounds, which are not controlled by the Montreal Protocol, on the recent ozone changes. The effect is small.
Key Points
Observations show that lower stratospheric ozone at extrapolar latitudes increased strongly in 2017 relative to a negative anomaly in 2016
Model simulations reproduce the observed ozone variations well, and the main driver in the lower stratosphere is atmospheric dynamics
The contribution of an observation‐based trend in short‐lived chlorine species to recent lower stratospheric ozone variations is small
Attribution of Antarctic ozone recovery to the Montreal protocol requires evidence that (1)Antarctic chlorine levels are declining and (2) there is a reduction in ozone depletion in response to ...achlorine decline. We use Aura Microwave Limb Sounder measurements of O3, HCl, and N2O to demonstratethat inorganic chlorine (Cly) from 2013 to 2016 was 223 ± 93 parts per trillion lower in the Antarctic lowerstratosphere than from 2004 to 2007 and that column ozone depletion declined in response. The mean Clydecline rate, ~0.8%/yr, agrees with the expected rate based on chlorofluorocarbon lifetimes. N2Omeasurements are crucial for identifying changes in stratospheric Cly loading independent of dynamicalvariability. From 2005 to 2016, the ozone depletion and Cly time series show matching periods of decline,stability, and increase. The observed sensitivity of O3 depletion to changing Cly agrees with the sensitivitysimulated by the Global Modeling Initiative chemistry transport model integrated
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