Lead (Pb) is added to automotive paints to prevent corrosion on metallic surfaces, for decorative colours, and for reflective properties to heighten visibility, and enhanced drying time, and ...durability. However, there are substitutes for all of these applications and Pb is highly toxic to human health and the environment. Through concerted efforts, leaded gasoline was phased out and currently, the focus is on lead-based paints. Leaded automotive paint used for spray painting activities often conducted in close proximity to human habitation raises public health concerns over possible exposure. This study was therefore undertaken to assess Pb levels in automotive paints frequently used by informal spray painters. A total of thirty-two (n = 32) cans of automotive paints were purchased in 4 sets of red, blue, green and white colours from eight formal and informal retail shops. Lead levels in the paint samples were analyzed in triplicates using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. All the automotive paints from the informal retail shops had Pb levels that ranged from 220 to 2740 ppm, and exceeded the regulatory limit of 90 ppm. The blue paint from the informal store had the highest Pb levels which were 30 times of the set limit. On the contrary, the paints from the formal stores had significantly (p < 0.05) lower Pb levels that ranged from 80.7 to 580 ppm than those of the informal stores. Although only one paint sample from the former retail shop had Pb levels within the limit. In general, the elevated Pb levels in automotive paints that are used in an unregulated environment are potential sources of exposure and environmental contamination. The study urgently calls for enforcement of the regulatory limits and comprehensive Pb exposure assessments in this sector.
Sanding and scraping of automotive painted surfaces could be a great source of exposure and environmental contamination. Display omitted
•The retail shops sold automotive paints to the informal spray painters.•Automotive paints from informal shops had Pb levels that ranged from 220 to 2740 ppm.•Paints from the formal stores had significantly (p < 0.05) low Pb levels (range 80.7–580 ppm).
In this paper, we examined a situation on spontaneous sharing of space between two lower elementary school children, who did a drawing and painting activity using the same drawing paper, materials, ...and tools. Three researchers analyzed the relevance regarding the way of involvement with the partner and the expression contents by qualitative analyses through the use of triangulation. Results clearly showed that in a chain of actions between the pair, the way of handling the paper and tools, the way of drawing and painting, and their meanings influenced each other, so that the intention of that activity was coordinated, while sharing a space. In other words, the situation of sharing a place of use is statically regarded as the positional relationship of the iconography on the drawing paper when physically considered. However, it clearly reflects the dynamic transition in the relationship between the pair when considered from the situation, it turned out that the germination of cooperativity appeared there.
Children with Asperger syndrome still need to be adjusted, in regulating their emotion, to their enjoyment in an activity that will be their emotional allocation. Art is able to improve their ...self-ability, to strengthen their self-confidence, and also to re-shape lack of knowledge about their own identity. This is because activity of art becomes a collection of inspiration, the aspect of imagination that is closely related to the aesthetic experience. This was a qualitative research as a study intended to understand the phenomenon of something that is experienced by the subject of research. For example: behaviour, perception, motivation, and action in holistic way and described in form of words and language, in a specific-natural context and by utilizing various methods. The research findings show that ability of emotional regulation is the ability of the subject in receiving and understanding a command, and then in minimizing tantrum, so that the subject is able to achieve a treatment therapy; including the subject's ability to identify and draw an object or other objects around them, to recognize some painting tools and to answer questions orally or in writing through the image media. The therapy can be packaged through art education based on painting activity which is the advantage of an area itself. Schools present learning programs that also support character education and the creative potential of the children, so that they can live independently later.
The purpose of this research were to know the effect of painting activity and fine motor skill toward the creativity of early childhood in painting art of group B of kindergarten. Method in this ...research used experimental research with treatment design by level 2x2. Sample of this research were 66 students. The prosedure of collecting data used multistage samplingtechnique. Analysis data in this research used two away ANAVA. The result of this research were; 1) the creativity of early childhood in painting are toward thr children who got finger painting was higher than the children who got brush painting, 2) there were interaction beetwen painting activity fine motor skill toward the creativity of early childhood in painting art, 3) the result of children creativity in painting art toward children who had high fine motor skill by giving finger painting activity were higher then children who got brush painting activity, 4) the result of the creativity of early childhood in painting art toward group who had low fine motor skill which was given in finger painting activity was lower than group who was given brush painting activity.
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