This study examined the potential of ChatGPT as an accurate and readable source of information for parents seeking guidance on adenoidectomy, tonsillectomy, and ventilation tube insertion surgeries ...(ATVtis).
ChatGPT was tasked with identifying the top 15 most frequently asked questions by parents on internet search engines for each of the three specific surgical procedures. We removed repeated questions from the initial set of 45. Subsequently, we asked ChatGPT to generate answers to the remaining 33 questions. Seven highly experienced otolaryngologists individually assessed the accuracy of the responses using a four-level grading scale, from completely incorrect to comprehensive. The readability of responses was determined using the Flesch Reading Ease (FRE) and Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL) scores. The questions were categorized into four groups: Diagnosis and Preparation Process, Surgical Information, Risks and Complications, and Postoperative Process. Responses were then compared based on accuracy grade, FRE, and FKGL scores.
Seven evaluators each assessed 33 AI-generated responses, providing a total of 231 evaluations. Among the evaluated responses, 167 (72.3 %) were classified as ‘comprehensive.’ Sixty-two responses (26.8 %) were categorized as ‘correct but inadequate,’ and two responses (0.9 %) were assessed as ‘some correct, some incorrect.’ None of the responses were adjudged ‘completely incorrect’ by any assessors. The average FRE and FGKL scores were 57.15(±10.73) and 9.95(±1.91), respectively. Upon analyzing the responses from ChatGPT, 3 (9.1 %) were at or below the sixth-grade reading level recommended by the American Medical Association (AMA). No significant differences were found between the groups regarding readability and accuracy scores (p > 0.05).
ChatGPT can provide accurate answers to questions on various topics related to ATVtis. However, ChatGPT's answers may be too complex for some readers, as they are generally written at a high school level. This is above the sixth-grade reading level recommended for patient information by the AMA. According to our study, more than three-quarters of the AI-generated responses were at or above the 10th-grade reading level, raising concerns about the ChatGPT text's readability.
Most existing research on the association of parental education with childhood undernutrition focuses on maternal education and often ignores paternal education. We systematically investigate ...differences in maternal and paternal education and their association with childhood undernutrition.
One hundred and eighty Demographic and Health Surveys from 62 countries performed between 1990 and 2014 were analysed. We used linear-probability models to predict childhood undernutrition prevalences, measured as stunting, underweight and wasting, for all combinations of maternal and paternal attainment in school. Models were adjusted for demographic and socio-economic covariates for the child, mother and household, country-level fixed effects and clustering. Additional specifications adjust for local area characteristics instead of country fixed effects.
Both higher maternal and paternal education levels are associated with lower childhood undernutrition. In regressions adjusted for child age and sex as well as country-level fixed effects, the association is stronger for maternal education than for paternal education when their combined level of education is held constant. In the fully adjusted models, the observed differences in predicted undernutrition prevalences are strongly attenuated, suggesting a similar importance of maternal and paternal education. These findings are confirmed by the analysis of composite schooling indicators.
We find that paternal education is similarly important for reducing childhood undernutrition as maternal education and should therefore receive increased attention in the literature.
One of the most reliable predictors of school effectiveness is student engagement, which is not only related to students’ current achievement but also long-term outcomes. Using linear regression and ...structural equation modeling procedures, the present study was aimed at examining the relationship between dropout risk, dimensions of student engagement, and family background. The survey study involved 3251 7th grade Hungarian students who completed the adapted Student Engagement Instrument and self-reported background questionnaire. According to the results, student performance is mainly related to parents’ educational attainment, but a moderate or weak correlation with behavioral, academic, and cognitive engagement is also detectable. While affective engagement shows a weak association with performance, it correlates with other engagement dimensions linked to achievement. This result suggests that support from parents, peers, and teachers may have an indirect effect on achievement; however, the present study could not confirm this hypothetical model. Based on our data, parental educational attainment and student engagement account for approximately 41 % of student performance which draws attention to the complexity of the relationship between student engagement and performance and highlights the importance of a comprehensive approach to dropout and student engagement in this context.
Cyberbullying represents repeated and intentional aggression through digital devices and implies multiple roles: cyberbullying perpetrators, cyber-victims, active witnesses (cyber-defending), and ...cyber-passive bystanders. The present study aimed to assess the predictive function of personal (e.g., humor style) and social factors (e.g., peer norms, parental education about Internet use) concerning the four roles in cyberbullying phenomenon: cyberbullying perpetration, cyber-victimization, cyber-defending, and cyber-passive bystander behavior. A sample of 601 adolescents (289 boys, Mage = 12.18 years, SD = 1.21) was included in the study. The participants completed scales measuring their cyberbullying experiences, humor style, peer norms, and parental education regarding their online activity. The results showed that aggressive humor positively predicted cyberbullying perpetration and negatively predicted cyber-defending. Furthermore, self-defeating humor positively predicted all four roles involved in cyberbullying. Affiliative humor positively predicted cyber-defending, while self-enhancing humor negatively predicted cyber-victimization. Finally, peer norms predicted all four roles involved in cyberbullying, while parental education about Internet use did not prove to be a significant predictor in our analyses. The practical implications of these findings for prevention and interventions are discussed.
•Aggressive humor positively predicted cyberbullying perpetration and negatively predicted cyber-defending.•Self-defeating humor positively predicted all the four forms of cyberbullying.•Affiliative humor positively predicted cyber-defending.•Self-enhancing humor negatively predicted cyber-victimization.•Peer norms predicted all the four forms of cyberbullying.
The association between education and good health is well established, but whether the strength of the association depends on other social statuses is not. We test a theory of resource substitution ...which predicts a larger correlation between education and health (measured for physical impairment) for people who grew up in families with poorly-educated parents than for those whose parents were well educated. This is supported in the Aging, Status, and Sense of control (ASOC) survey, a representative national U.S. sample with data collected in 1995, 1998, and 2001. The reason that parental education matters more to people who are poorly educated themselves is due to an unhealthy lifestyle, specifically to smoking and being overweight. Finally, as the poorly educated age, the negative health effects of their parents’ low educational attainment get worse.
► Personal education benefits health mostly for people whose parents are poorly educated. ► Personal educational attainment counteracts the negative health effects of having poorly-educated parents. ► Low levels of parents’ education worsen health mostly among people who are poorly educated themselves. ► These processes increase health disparities based on educational attainment in two generations.
Many child welfare agencies use the Nurturing Parenting Program Nurturing Skills for Families (NPP) program to strengthen parenting skills. NPP includes a flexible sequence of lessons that are ...tailored to meet each family's needs.
This study estimated the effects of NPP on child safety and permanency outcomes using a quasi-experimental design.
This study included 1102 children in Arizona whose families were referred to NPP between 2018 and 2020 (treatment group) and 6845 children in Arizona whose families were referred to other in-home family preservation services during the same period (comparison group).
Outcomes were based on child welfare administrative data. The study estimated (1) the effects of being referred to NPP (regardless of a family's level of participation) and (2) the effects of completing NPP. Baseline equivalence was established for each analysis. Impacts were calculated by comparing regression-adjusted differences between the study groups.
The study found no evidence of impacts of being referred to NPP. However, children whose families completed NPP were less likely to experience an investigation (ES = −0.28; p = 0.03) or substantiated investigation (ES = −0.66; p = 0.03) 4 months after the service referral, and less likely to experience a removal 16 months later (ES = −0.70; p = 0.00).
NPP had favorable effects on child welfare outcomes when families completed the program. Additional research is necessary to understand the supports that enable families to complete NPP and the specific components that are particularly effective.
The present study aims at examining predictors of high school students' academic achievement from student-level and school-level predictors in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, especially in light of ...policy mandates on educational reform in accordance with Vision 2030. Participants were 528,854 individuals who took on the Standard Achievement Admission Test (SAAT), along with other demographic variables. The mean age of participants was 19.7 years with an
= 1.87. There were 234,813 males and 294,041 females. A Multilevel Random Coefficient Modeling (MRCM) model was engaged to identify predictors of academic achievement. Results indicated the positive roles of being a female, having educational parents, being educated in religious schools or large schools, and having small student-to-teacher ratios and the negative roles of student absences, student age, and being educated in new schools. Results are viewed under the lenses of new policy mandates on educational reform in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Families who live in a disadvantaged socioeconomic situation frequently face substandard housing, unsafe neighborhoods, inadequate schools and more stress in their daily lives than more affluent ...families, with a host of psychological and developmental consequences that can hinder their children's development in many ways. However, the measurement of socioeconomic status among youth and its link with different forms of illicit substance use is challenging and still unclear. This paper extends existing research on the relationship between socioeconomic status and illicit drug use among adolescents by focusing on three different patterns of use (experimental, episodic and frequent) and making use of two indicators to improve the measurement of individual socioeconomic characteristics in a big sample of European students.
Data were drawn from the European school Survey Project on Alcohol and other Drugs (ESPAD), which, since 1995, collects comparable data among 15-to-16-year-old students to monitor trends in drug use and other risk behaviors across Europe. The sample comes from 28 countries that participated in the 2015 data collection. The consumption of cannabis, cocaine and heroin are considered, and the related patterns are identified based on the frequency of use. Family characteristics at student level are defined through two dimensions: parental educational level and perceived socioeconomic status. Multivariate multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression was performed in order to measure the association between individual characteristics and vulnerability for drug use.
Some patterns of use, episodic and frequent in particular, were found strongly associated with a lower socioeconomic status and lower parental education.
Our results suggest that drug policies should be combined with actions aimed at removing barriers to social inclusion that are attributable to the socioeconomic background of adolescents.
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