Uneven illumination has a significant impact on vision-based automatic parking systems, making it impossible to conduct a correct assessment of parking places in the presence of complicated picture ...data. In to address this issue, this work provides a deep learning-based system for visual recognition of parking spaces and picture processing. Artificial intelligence (AI) approaches can be used to identify a less expensive and easier-to-implement solution to the parking spot identification challenge, especially since the discipline of deep learning is reshaping the world. Using deep learning techniques, this study offers a dynamic, straightforward, and cost-effective algorithm for the detection of parking spots. In order to determine which parking spots are available and which are occupied, this method employs a Masked Region Based Convolutional Neural Network (MR-CNN) and the intersection over union approach. Cars in the training dataset were spaced more apart than those actually seen, which increased the accuracy of the identification between cars and parking spots. The AOA mechanism enhances the model's ability to focus on relevant regions within an image, improving accuracy in detecting parking spaces. This leads to precise identification of parking slots, reducing false positives and negatives. The sequence and quantity of parking spots, as well as the capacity to predict empty spots, were tested in a case study and found to be accurate. In the experimental results as the AOA based MR-CNN model stretched the accuracy as 98.50 and the recall value as 40.59 then the precision as 96.34 F1-measure as 57.95 correspondingly.
Mit Connected Parking bietet das Technologie‐ und Dienstleistungsunternehmen Bosch smarte Services, um die Parkplatzsuche zu vereinfachen und die daraus resultierenden Folgen zu entschärfen. So wird ...künftig mit der Hilfe der Services „Aktives Parkraum‐Management” und „Community‐based Parking” ein Blick auf das Navigationsgerät oder das Smartphone genügen, um den nächstgelegenen freien Parkplatz am Straßenrand, auf Parkplätzen oder im Parkhaus zu finden. Ermöglicht wird dies durch größtenteils bereits serienmäßig installierte Fahrzeugsensorik sowie infrastrukturseitig verbaute Bodensensoren, die freie Stellplätze erkennen und zentral sammeln. Parkplatzsuchende erhalten die Informationen über Parklücken in Echtzeit und können so direkt und ohne Umwege zu freien Stellplätzen geführt werden. Hierdurch werden die Parkprobleme im innerstädtischen Raum deutlich vermindert und die Lebensqualität erhöht. Gleichzeitig wird durch die Minderung des Parksuchverkehrs durch die Connected‐Parking‐Services der Ausstoß von Fahrzeugemissionen in der Stadt reduziert.
Im Zuge des „Automated Valet Parking” erfolgt der Einparkvorgang voll automatisiert und fahrerlos. Der Parkplatzsuchende gibt hierbei sein Auto an der Einfahrt zu Parkplätzen oder Parkhäusern ab und lässt es mithilfe der intelligenten Infrastruktur selbstständig zum freien Parkplatz fahren und parken. Hiervon profitieren zudem die Parkraumbetreiber durch die Effizienzsteigerung der vorhandenen Parkräume, da signifikant mehr Fahrzeuge auf derselben Fläche untergebracht werden können.
Connected Parking – a vision becomes reality – welcome to the new world of parking
Vehicles searching for a parking space are currently one of the most critical traffic problems in numerous cities throughout the world and cause of up to 30 % of inner‐city traffic. For motorists, this means spending an unnecessary amount of time looking for a parking space. For cities, this results in increased air pollution and noise emissions, which present them with great challenges especially in respect to environmental protection and quality of life.
Bosch, the supplier of technology and services offers with Connected Parking smart services that take the hassle out of finding a parking space and alleviate the consequences. With the services ”Active Parking Lot Management“ and ”Community‐based Parking“, a glance at the navigation system or smartphone will be enough to find the nearest free parking space on the side of the street, in a parking lot or in a car park. This is made possible by vehicle sensors that are mainly already installed as standard as well as ground sensors integrated in the infrastructure. Those sensors detect free parking spaces and collect them centrally. Drivers looking for a parking space receive information on free parking spots in real time and can thereby be led directly to free parking spaces without any detours. This considerably reduces parking problems in inner city areas and increases quality of life. At the same time, the decrease in traffic looking for parking spaces through Connected Parking services also reduces vehicle emissions in the city.
With ”Automated Valet Parking“, parking is done fully automatically and driverless. The person looking for a parking space gives up his or her car at the entrance to a parking lot or parking garage and lets the vehicle drive autonomously to a free parking space and park there guided by the intelligent infrastructure. Also car park operators' benefit from ”Automated Valet Parking“ through the increased efficiency of existing parking spaces since significantly more vehicles can be accommodated in the same area.
연구배경 최근 홀로그램 기술의 발달로 이를 접목한 다양한 응용 장소가 주목받고 있다. 홀로그램은 인간의 시각적 특성과 근접감(接近感), 실물감(實物感), 입체감(立體感)을 바탕으로 하는 실제적 환영 효과이다. 홀로그램 기술에 대한 장애인 주차공간 적용의 타당성을 사례 연구를 통해 홀로그램 기술과 유니버설디자인을 융합하여 유니버설디자인 관점에서 장애인 ...주차공간에 홀로그램을 적용하기 위한 것이다.
연구방법 우선 이론적 고찰을 통해 유니버설디자인의 개념과 특성을 이해한 뒤, 홀로그램 영상기술의 발전현황을 파악하고, 한국과 중국의 장애인 제도 및 장애인 주차공간 실태조사 한다. 그리고 기존의 유니버설디자인의 평가방법인 PPP 평가 7원칙에 디자인 관련 3 부칙 추가하여 디자인 관점에서 평가방법을 시도했다. 유일하게 러시아에만 있는 홀로그램 주차공간 적용사례를 통해 한국과 중국의 장애인 주차공간과 홀로그램을 적용한 주차공간을 비교하고, 향후 도입하여야 할 홀로그램 적용 장애인 주차공간의 필요성을 파악한다.
연구결과 디자인에서 유니버설디자인은 중요한 요소이다. PPP 평가 결과 한국과 중국의 일반 장애인 주차공간과 러시아의 홀로그램 장애인 주차공간은 단순성과 공간성의 점수가 가장 높았고, 편의성이 다음이었다. 홀로그램의 장애인 주차공간에의 적용은 현실적으로 경비가 많이 요구되므로 아직은 실용화가 어렵다. 그리고 나라마다 문화, 교육 등의 차이로 인해 다양한 의견수렴 및 자료 조사가 필요하다 하겠다.
결론 장애인 주차공간을 설계할 때 장애인의 요구를 종합적으로 고려하여야 한다. 본 연구결과는 홀로그램 기술이 주차공간에 활용되는 장단점을 찾아내고 미래스마트시티 조성에 새로운 방향을 제시하고자 하였다. 향후 한국과 중국의 미래도시에는 홀로그램 과학기술의 발전으로 장애인 주차공간이 실용화되어 현실적으로 적용되기를 기대한다.
Background This study is to apply holograms to parking spaces for the disabled from the perspective of universal design. With the recent development of holographic technology, various application sites that incorporate it are attracting attention. Hologram is a real welcome effect based on human visual characteristics, proximity, realness, and three-dimensional. This study aims to fuse hologram technology and universal design through a feasibility study of the application of parking spaces for the disabled to enable hologram technology to find a better development direction.
Methods This study first identifies the development status of holographic imaging technology through theoretical consideration, understands the concept and characteristics of universal design, and then conducts a survey on the disabled system and parking space in Korea and China. Through the introduction of the concept of universal design and the PPP evaluation method, the seven principles and three-part evaluation system according to the PPP evaluation were established. Through a case study of holographic parking spaces, the current disabled parking spaces are compared with holographic parking spaces, and the characteristics of holographic parking spaces are found through PPP evaluation 7 principles and 3 supplementary analysis.
Result Universal design is an important content in urban design. As a result of the PPP evaluation, the general disabled parking space in Korea and China and the hologram disabled parking space in Russia had the highest score for simplicity and space, and convenience ranked second. Hologram disabled people cannot be fully distributed due to high input. In addition, due to differences in culture and education, various opinions and advice should be sought when designing.
Conclusion When designing parking spaces for the disabled, the demand for the disabled should be comprehensively considered. As South Korea and China build future cities, it is expected to see more holographic parking spaces for the disabled and public facilities combining science and technology and universal design.
In order to make new residential quarters' parking mode selection and layout become more rational which can response to the parking pressure bring by the growing private car to the residential ...quarter.By analyzing the factors of affecting parking model and characteristics of parking demand, studying on the characteristics and applicability of various parking models, derive the method of parking mode selection and allocation according to parking land use. Layout of the parking based on the shape of land, so as to meet most of the parking demand. The results show that the method is feasible to mode selection and layout of parking.
Finding a parking space is a costly and tedious task for drivers, which leads to high fuel consumption and air pollution. Moreover, in a context of a health crisis such as the pandemic of the ...COVID-19, the use of private vehicles may be favored over public transport, which could increase the difficulty of finding an available parking spot. Therefore, the use of data management strategies that facilitate the search for available parking is important to alleviate this problem. Due to the complexity of evaluating these data management techniques in the real world, evaluations are usually based on simulations.In this demo paper, we describe MAVSIM+, a novel simulation tool that we have developed to evaluate data management techniques for parking search. It integrates a tool focused on the definition and simulation of parking lots (SimulParking) and incorporates functionalities that support the definition of parking areas and individual parking spaces in the streets of a city.
This paper proposes a decision-making method for automatic vehicles to select parking spaces in traditional parking lots. Considering that traditional parking lots cannot provide parking space ...information for automatic vehicles, a multiple-attribute decision model is designed to find the target parking space. Since the automatic vehicle may pass through the free parking space in the traditional parking lot while the vehicle is in motion, and it cannot obtain the information of whether the target parking space is free, a parking space selection decision model is further built. Finally, simulation results show that the proposed decision-making method can choose a better parking space.
With the rapid development of motorization of automobiles in China's large cities, many residential communities frequently encounter problems such as insufficient parking spaces and blocked roads ...during the night when parking demand is up to the highest, and the adjacent commercial and office districts generally have low parking demand at night, making it difficult to make full use of parking spaces. Therefore, in view of the current parking situation between residential area and adjacent business district, this paper proposes a shared allocation model of night parking spaces between residential area and adjacent business district based on the parking mode of shared parking in the adjacent areas. Firstly, the concept and precondition of shared parking between residential area and adjacent business district are analyzed. Then it establishes the shared allocation model of adjacent area and designs its algorithm. Finally, it takes a residential area and adjacent business district in Nantong as an example to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the model and algorithm. The research results of this paper can provide a method for the planning and management of shared parking in adjacent areas of large cities in China.
A lot of Research has been developed to improve the reliability of smart parking systems. The utilization of computer vision is more beneficial than using sensors for the detection of parking spaces ...on smart parking systems. One smart camera can monitor multiple parking spaces according to camera sensing. The use of cameras is more efficient than using sensors, because sensors require expensive installation and maintenance costs. The accuracy and computational time are challenges that must be resolved by applying computer vision to classify the parking spaces. We perform several comparisons of computer vision classifications by utilizing the pre-trained Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). The mAlexnet customization is called by CmAlexnet to improve accuracy in classification. Parking space classification for CNRPark Camera A and B dataset was done. GoogleNet, Alexnet, VGGNet, mAlexnet, and CmAlexnet had varied results. From the testing done states CmAlexnet is better in the accuracy of parking space classification. The average accuracy of CmAlexnet outperforms all pre-trained with almost the same training time as mAlexnet. The test result stated that the performance of mAlexnet can be improved.
With the continuous progress of technology and development of sharing economy, sharing vehicles have rapidly gained wide attention due to their huge market potential. The management on the shared ...vehicles, however, is not ripe enough to support the widely arrangement. Based on big data, this paper proposes a novel method to manage parking space of the shared vehicles based on the open available data Firstly, visualizing the GPS data of the orders and analyzing the data distribution on the road. Secondly, a density-based DBSCAN(Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise) clustering algorithm is employed to cluster the GPS data, determining number of parking spaces of the shared vehicles and obtaining the initial location of parking spaces. Finally, whale optimization algorithm is used to optimize the parking location and improve the utilization rate of parking spaces.
