Chen Lanbin is China’s first ambassador to the United States, honest and upright, using evidences to safeguard the human rights of Chinese workers in the Americas, and actively negotiating the Denver ...anti-Chinese incident. As a subordinate of Chen Lanbin, Cai Xiyong chose to translate the US Federal Constitution, which was due to not only his personal interest but also the influence of Chen Lanbin as a patron. Based on Lefevere’s “patronage” theory, the the reasons why Cai Xiyong chose to translate the US Federal Constitution, why there existed linguistic deviations and deformations between Cai’s translation and the original text and why Cai’s translation did not catch people’s enough attention in modern China history, are examined from the three aspects of patronage: ideological, economic and status factors. On ideological factor, Both Chen Lanbin and Cai Xiyong adhered to the concept “Chinese learning as substance, western learning for application”; on economic factor, Cai Xiyong was appreciated by his leader and patron Chen Lanbin and got a salary from the Qing Dynasty government; on status factor, Cai Xiyong was recognized by his leader and patron Chen Lanbin and became an official through the Westernization Movement. Influenced by the patron Chen Lanbin, the purpose of Cai Xiyong translating the US federal Constitution is to handle the Denver anti-Chinese incident, and not to reform China’s political and legal system, transform the superstructure and overthrow the feudal rule of the Qing Dynasty government.
Viene qui presa in esame l'attività dell'argentiere Angelo Maria Spinazzi (1693, dopo il 1785 / prima del 1789) nell'ambito della committenza portoghese, a partire dai primissimi anni Venti, subito ...dopo aver ottenuto la patente di argentiere, Spinazzi lavorò per l'ambasciata portoghese nella città pontificia e negli anni Quaranta fu coinvolto nell'impresa della cappella di San Giovanni Battista nella chiesa di S. Rocco, di committenza regale, progettando e realizzando pezzi importanti del suo sontuoso corredo liturgico. Lo studio della committenza portoghese contribuisce ad una migliore comprensione dell'opera dell'argentiere e getta nuova luce sull'intervento dell'artista nella collezione di argenti della cappella fatta erigere dal re Giovanni V (1689-1750) nella chiesa dei Gesuiti di Lisbona.
Das politische System Russlands hat sich seit dem Jahr 2000 zu einem autoritären Regime entwickelt. Der Entstehung eines totalitären Systems steht entgegen, dass sich in Russland das westliche ...Konsummodell durchgesetzt hat. Zudem verfolgt Russlands herrschende Elite keine universellen ideologischen Ziele, sondern hat nur persönliche Macht und Bereicherung im Sinn. Die staatlichen Institutionen sind von einem parasitären Patronage- und Klientelsystem geprägt, in dem Geheimdienstler eine zentrale Rolle spielen. Mit der Annexion der Krim und dem Krieg gegen die Ukraine bediente das Regime imperiale Sehnsüchte und schürte zugleich antiwestliche Ressentiments. Dauerhafte Legitimität lässt sich so nicht gewinnen.
Since 2000, the political system in Russia has developed into an authoritarian regime. The creation of a totalitarian system is hindered by the fact that in Russia, the western model of consumerism has taken hold. Furthermore, Russia’s ruling élite is not pursuing any universal ideological goals, but is interested only in personal power and enrichment. The state institutions are characterised by a parasitic system of patronage and clientelism, in which secret service officials play a key role. By annexing Crimea and waging war against Ukraine, the regime spoke to imperial aspirations, while at the same time also fostering anti-Western resentment. This is not the way to achieve long-lasting legitimacy.
Political parties in the United States and Britain used clientelism and patronage to govern throughout the nineteenth century. By the twentieth century, however, parties in both countries shifted to ...programmatic competition. This book argues that capitalists were critical to this shift. Businesses developed new forms of corporate management and capitalist organization, and found clientelism inimical to economic development. Drawing on extensive archival research in the United States and Britain, this book shows how national business organizations pushed parties to adopt programmatic reforms, including administrative capacities and policy-centered campaigns. Parties then shifted from reliance on clientelism as a governing strategy in elections, policy distribution, and bureaucracy. They built modern party organizations and techniques of interest mediation and accommodation. This book provides a novel theory of capitalist interests against clientelism, and argues for a more rigorous understanding of the relationship between capitalism and political development.
In this visually rich volume, Mariah Proctor-Tiffany reconstructs the art collection and material culture of the fourteenth-century French queen Clémence de Hongrie, illuminating the way the ...royal widow gave objects as part of a deliberate strategy to create a lasting legacy for herself and her family in medieval Paris.
After the sudden death of her husband, King Louis X, and the loss of her promised income, young Clémence fought for her high social status by harnessing the visual power of possessions, displaying them, and offering her luxurious objects as gifts. Clémence adeptly performed the role of queen, making a powerful argument for her place at court and her income as she adorned her body, the altars of her chapels, and her dining tables with sculptures, paintings, extravagant textiles, manuscripts, and jewelry—the exclusive accoutrements of royalty. Proctor-Tiffany analyzes the queen’s collection, maps the geographic trajectories of her gifts of art, and interprets Clémence’s generosity using anthropological theories of exchange and gift giving.
Engaging with the art inventory of a medieval French woman, this lavishly illustrated microhistory sheds light on the material and social culture of the late Middle Ages. Scholars and students of medieval art, women’s studies, digital mapping, and the anthropology of ritual and gift giving especially will welcome Proctor-Tiffany’s meticulous research.
In Moving Sculptures Lipińska explores the little-known phenomenon of serial production of small-scale alabaster sculpture in the Southern Netherlands of the 16th and 17th centuries from the ...perspective of its recipients in Central and Northern Europe.
iThis is the first dedicated study of the musical patronage of a Roman baronial family in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Patronage – the support of a person or institution and their ...work by a patron – in Renaissance society was the basis of a complex network of familial and political relationships between clients and patrons, whose ideas, values, and norms of behavior were shared with the collective. Bringing to light new archival documentation, this book examines the intricate network of patronage interrelationships in Rome. Unlike other Italian cities where political control was monocentric and exercised by single rulers, sources of patronage in Rome comprised a multiplicity of courts and potential patrons, which included the pope, high prelates, nobles, and foreign diplomats. Morucci uses archival records, and the correspondence of the Orsini and Colonna families in particular, to investigate the local activity and circulation of musicians and the cultivation of music within the broader civic network of Roman aristocratic families during the period. The author also shows that the familial union of the Medici and Orsini families established a bidirectional network for artistic exchange outside of the Eternal City, and that the Orsini-Colonna circle represented a musical bridge between Naples, Rome, and Florence.
The role played by women in the evolution of religious art and architecture has been largely neglected. This study of upper-class women in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries corrects that ...oversight, uncovering the active role they undertook in choosing designs, materials, and locations for monuments, commissioning repairs and additions to many parish churches, chantry chapels, and almshouses characteristic of the English countryside. Their preferred art, Barbara J. Harris shows, reveals their responses to the religious revolution and signifies their preferred identities.
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