This research analyzes technique, method and ideology of translation in translating the book of Risa@lah ila@ Syaba@bil-Ummah. It is aimed to (1) describe the technique of translation applied in ...translating words, phrases, clauses,and sentences contained in the book, (2) identify the method and ideology that tends to be used by translator to translate the book. The method used in this research is qualitative descriptive. The data sources are the book ofRisa@lah ila@ Syaba@bil-Ummah and its translation in Bahasa Indonesia entitled Menjadi Pemuda Peka Zaman (MPPZ). Data collected through reading books RSU and MPPZ as a whole to obtain an overview and classify existing translation techniques. Data analysis was carried out in stages; First, classifying the translation techniques of words, phrases, clauses, and sentencesfrom the text of RSU into MPPZ. Second, looking at the application of translation techniques to define translation methods used.Third, analyzing translation methods to interpret translation ideologies tend to be used by the translator. The results showed that there are 17 kinds of translation techniques used by the translator from totally 356 ones happened in 150 data. They are; addition (76), inversion (49), deletion (42), borrowing pure (33), modulation (28), compensation (22), naturalborrowing (21), transposition (18), calque (18), adaptation (15), amplification (13), literaltranslation (11), discursive creation (6), established equivalence (1), particularization (1), generalization (1), description (1). The most frequently tehcnique appliedis the addition one. This was done to ensure the easiness for readers to understand the message. Based on the dominant technique appeared, the book is likely to use the communicative method and domestication ideology, shown by 76.7% of techniques are tend to target language (Bahasa Indonesia) while 23.7% are tend to source language (Arabic). a@
The co-culture of Bacillus subtilis IFO 3335 with Rhizopus peka P8 or Rhizopus oligosporus P12 in liquid medium was found to increase production of antibiotic activity and to alter the spectrum of ...activity relative to the pure cultures. However, a mixed culture of Rhizopus arrhizus P7 and Rhizopus oryzae P17 did not produce antibiotic activity. The concentration, ratio, and time of addition of B. subtilis to the R. peka culture was found to influence antibiotic yields. Solid-state fermentations using mixed cultures of R. peka and B. subtilis were investigated. The growth of Escherichia coli IFO 3792 as a target bacterium was inhibited by the mixed culture. These results suggest the possibility of biopreservation of fermented foods by novel co-culture systems.
The antibiotic activity produced in the co-cultures of Rhizopus peka P8 and Bacillus subtilis IFO3335 (inhibition zone of 25 mm) was higher than that in each of the pure cultures (inhibition zones of ...0-15 mm). Both the concentration of B. subtilis and its mixing time with R. peka influenced the antibiotic production. The optimum condition was when the culture was inoculated at the same time with equal numbers of viable B. subtilis cells and R. peka spores. When the cell free culture broth of one was mixed with either the cell free culture broth or the cell free extract of the other and incubated at 30degC for 18 h, the antibiotic activity in the mixture was higher than that in the individual culture broth or cell extract. There was no antibiotic activity in a mixture that was not incubated at 30degC. Furthermore, the antibiotic activity was lost when either the cell free culture broth or the cell free extract was heat-treated (121degC, 20 min), indicating the involvement of an enzyme from B. subtilis in producing the active antibiotic from R. peka. Thus, the presence of B. subtilis in the culture effectively influences the production of the antibiotic from R. peka.
Dibuat formulasi zat penguat lapisan peka sinar yang komponen utamanya adalah gondorukem. Gondorukem dicairkan dengan beberapa pelarut organik selektif sampai kekentalan tertentu. Untuk meningkatkan ...laju pengeringan, sistem larutan gondorukem setelah diberi stabilisator diemulsikan dengan kecepatan pengadukan 5000 RPM (konstant, selama 5 menit dengan pengemulsinya dibuat variatif.
Formulasi yang mempunyai tingkat ketahanan optimal ditentukan sebagai berikut: zat penguat lapisan peka cahaya setelah dioleskan diatas lapisan peka sinar (pada kasa cap) diamati laju pengeringannya kemudian diuji ketahanannya terhadap gosokan (mekanik) dan pasta zat warna (kimia). Nilai ketahanannya dibandingkan dengan ketahanan zat penguat peka sinar yang biasa dipakai seperti: lak merah, renyulux dan kopal vernis.
Dari hasil percobaan, ternyata bahwa formulasi yang menggunakan pelarut organik terpentin dan emulsifier TS memberikan ketahanan yang paling baik dengan laju pengeringan sekitar 3 jam (alamiah) atau 2 jam (dibantu kipas angin), nilai ketahanan gosok 3-4, sedikit lebih rendah dari nilai ketahanan gosok lak merah (4), sedang komposisinya sebagai berikut: gondorukem : terpentin = 1 : 1. asam sitrat 0,5%, air 5% dan pengemulsi 0,325% - 0,35%.
Dibuat formulasi zat penguat lapisan peka sinar yang komponen utamanya adalah gondorukem. Gondorukem dicairkan dengan beberapa pelarut organik selektif sampai kekentalan tertentu. Untuk meningkatkan laju pengeringan, sistem larutan gondorukem setelah diberi stabilisator diemulsikan dengan kecepatan pengadukan 5000 RPM (konstant, selama 5 menit dengan pengemulsinya dibuat variatif.
Formulasi yang mempunyai tingkat ketahanan optimal ditentukan sebagai berikut: zat penguat lapisan peka cahaya setelah dioleskan diatas lapisan peka sinar (pada kasa cap) diamati laju pengeringannya kemudian diuji ketahanannya terhadap gosokan (mekanik) dan pasta zat warna (kimia). Nilai ketahanannya dibandingkan dengan ketahanan zat penguat peka sinar yang biasa dipakai seperti: lak merah, renyulux dan kopal vernis.
Dari hasil percobaan, ternyata bahwa formulasi yang menggunakan pelarut organik terpentin dan emulsifier TS memberikan ketahanan yang paling baik dengan laju pengeringan sekitar 3 jam (alamiah) atau 2 jam (dibantu kipas angin), nilai ketahanan gosok 3-4, sedikit lebih rendah dari nilai ketahanan gosok lak merah (4), sedang komposisinya sebagai berikut: gondorukem : terpentin = 1 : 1. asam sitrat 0,5%, air 5% dan pengemulsi 0,325% - 0,35%.
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