Research question:How are leisure activities organised in homes fort he elderly? Purpose:The purpose of the research was to determine the positions of the management of nursing homes and of the ...occupants on the offer and the interest for participation in leisure activities. Methods of approach: A desk and field research was used. In addition to the literature study, statistical data of the Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia were analyzed. A field research in Slovenian nursing homes was conducted to obtain the positions. Randomly chosen elderly and management were included. A survey was used as a method for obtaining data. SPSS 20 was used for data processing. In the survey, there were 202 older people, of which 122 women and 80 men. The survey was conducted from October 15 to November 12, 2017. Results:We have found that nursing homes are organized and elderly are interested in leisure activities. Given the trends in natural movement and the prolongation of the old age and the growing number of active population, this need will be even more pronounced in the future. Conclusions: The providers of nursing homes and programmes will also have to adapt to the elderly who want active aging and can afford leisure activities. Infrastructure will have to adapt accordingly.
Worldwide population is ageing, but little is known regarding risk factors associated with increased mortality in subjectively healthy, community-dwelling older adults. We present the updated results ...of the longest follow-up carried out on Swiss pensioners and we provide results on potential risk factors associated with mortality before the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Within the SENIORLAB study, we collected demographic data, anthropometric measures, medical history, and laboratory parameters of 1467 subjectively healthy, community-dwelling, Swiss adults aged ≥ 60 years over a median follow-up of 8.79 years. The variables considered in the multivariable Cox-proportional hazard model for mortality during follow-up were selected based on prior knowledge. Two separate models for males and females were calculated; moreover, we fitted the old model obtained in 2018 to the complete follow-up data to highlight differences and similarities.
The population sample included 680 males and 787 females. Age of participants ranged between 60 and 99 years. We experienced 208 deaths throughout the entire follow-up period; no patients were lost at follow-up. The Cox-proportional hazard regression model included female gender, age, albumin levels, smoking status, hypertension, osteoporosis and history of cancer within predictors of mortality over the follow-up period. Consistent findings were obtained also after gender stratification. After fitting the old model, female gender, hypertension, and osteoporosis still showed statistically significant independent associations with all-cause mortality.
Understanding the predictors of a healthy survival can improve the overall quality of life of the ageing population and simultaneously reduce their global economic burden.
The present study was registered in the International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Number registry: https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN53778569 (registration date: 27/05/2015).
With the technological development the e-commerce channel began to spread to all sectors of the economy. In 2020 with the introduction of sanitary and epidemiological restrictions because of COVID-19 ...pandemic, many countries lifted the ban of drug e-commerce. Such changes are interesting from the point of view of health economics, and the opening of this sales channel significantly reduces transaction costs and increases the physical availability of drugs, especially in regions with low population density. The article attempts to evaluate the effects of legalization of online sales of drugs on price level and the degree of market concentration (the concentration of the 5 largest companies is used as a proxy), and also uses new methods to estimate the effects of legalizing e-commerce on drug markets. High rates of industry and drug market concentration can lead to a noticeable decrease in the availability of goods. Legalizing e-commerce can be seen as a way to reduce market concentration by facilitating market entry for small firms. The effects of lifting the ban on remote drug sales are estimated using regression analysis on panel data, cross-country matching, and synthetic control. Empirical estimates provide an overall picture of the effects of legalizing online drug sales. After allowing remote drug sales market concentration decreases, indicating a reduction in information asymmetry and switching costs. This effect is particularly important for countries with a high proportion of pensioners, for whom the switching costs are noticeably higher ceteris paribus. Allowing distance trade, due to reducing information asymmetry, drug pricing also slows down, that is, in addition to increasing physical accessibility, opening this channel also increases economic accessibility.
PurposeThe Nigerian Government’s initiatives to provide housing loans to low-income pensioners (LIPs) have been futile. This paper aims to examine the root cause of housing loan inaccessibility for ...the Nigerian LIPs and proffer some possible policy options. This is because inaccessibility to housing finance is one of the impediments facing the LIPs homeownership.Design/methodology/approachThe phenomenology type of qualitative research was employed to collate data. The study supports MAXQDA 2020 with thematic analysis to analyse the data and achieve saturation with 30 knowledgeable participants.FindingsFindings show that housing loan rejection is extremely high among LIPs. Some of the impediments facing the LIPs in accessing housing loans include delayed gratuity, insufficient income for housing loan repayments, failed mortgage finance, incapacitated National Housing Fund (NHF), a corrupt system and lack of collateral.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper is limited to the housing loan inaccessibility for the Nigerian LIPs and data collected via semi-structured face-to-face interviews in Lagos, Nigeria. Other developing cities may adopt the suggestions that will emerge from this paper with similar housing loan inaccessibility issues.Practical implicationsThis study would stir policymakers and mortgage institutions to consider the suggestions from this paper. Examples are the review of the Pension Reform Act 2014 to allow for 50% part withdrawal from the Retirement Savings Account, 10% upward review contribution to NHF and create special Federal Integrated Staff Housing Programme (FISH-P) for LIPs. These form part of the practical implications and will be helpful to policymakers.Originality/valueResearch regarding LIPs’ housing loan accessibility is limited, making this paper one of the pioneering attempts to investigate the root cause of housing loan inaccessibility for the Nigerian LIPs, and proffers some possible policy options.
This study answers the open question of whether workers respond to financial incentives in a command economy. To do this, I evaluate pension reforms in Soviet Russia in 1964 and 1969 that allowed ...pensioners to receive a greater share of their pensions if they worked, resulting in a progressive elimination of benefit reduction rates. Variation in group eligibility and variation in benefit reduction rates in eastern and western regions allow for the use of several difference-in-differences frameworks. I collect and digitize novel data from the Soviet archives on pensioner employment, constructing the first database of the Soviet old-age labor market. I find that Soviet pensioners are responsive to financial incentives. By 1969, after the benefit reduction rate fell from an average of 47.8% to 24.1%, pensioner employment rates rose by 5.7 percentage points, representing a 47% increase. Finally, I provide illustrative estimates of the employment elasticity with respect to the average net-of-tax rate that range from 0.6 to 1.4.
•I study pension reforms in Soviet Russia that created financial incentives to work.•I construct a comprehensive database of the Soviet old-age labor market.•Soviet pensioners are responsive to financial incentives.•After 4 years, financial incentives increased pensioner employment by 47%.•Illustrative estimates of employment elasticity range from 0.6 to 1.4.
Pensions for reduced earnings capacity (REC) have yearly made up about 20% of all pensions granted by the German Pension Insurance in the past 25 years. The dataset described in this article is a ...time series of cross-sectional observations for the retirement cohorts 2001–2020. It enables researchers to have a detailed insight into the population of REC-pensioners and allows observing trends and effects of reforms over time. The article provides general information on the data, first descriptive analyses, examples on possible matching with other data of the FDZ-RV and information on how to access the data.
This article looks at the mortality of Canadian pensioners subdivided by pension level using data from the Canada Pension Plan (CPP) and Québec Pension Plan (QPP). Differing pension levels (11 ...groups) are found to give rise to significant levels of mortality inequality at age 65, with a declining inequality gap as cohorts get older. We also find that levels of inequality have increased slightly over time, and that the QPP pensioners exhibit greater levels of inequality than CPP. Additionally, we find strong, but indirect, evidence among the lowest pension groups for a healthy immigrant effect.
We fit a range of multipopulation stochastic mortality models to the CPP and QPP data and find that the common age effect model satisfies a range of quantitative and qualitative criteria. The model allows us to distill further detail from the underlying mortality data as well as provide a coherent basis for forecasting mortality and assessing uncertainty in these forecasts.
Lastly, we use clustering methods to consider how significant the differences are between the 11 groups.
This study estimated the impact of reducing a capped low coinsurance rate for outpatient medicines to nil for low‐income pensioners and disabled individuals in the Valencian Community (Spain). This ...reduction was implemented in January 2016 as a regional reform which modified the national cost‐sharing reform adopted in July 2012. The impact of this intervention on the number of monthly prescriptions dispensed between July 2012 and December 2018 was estimated using two different approaches of the synthetic control method, the classical method and the method based on Bayesian structural time series. The estimates from both methods were similar, showing significant overall increases of 6.34% and 6.70% 95% credible interval: 4.05, 9.47, respectively in the number of prescriptions dispensed in this region. These results are similar to those of the previous studies indicating that reducing price from a small amount to zero discontinuously boosts demand. This evidence indicates that the impact of this intervention on the budget of the regional health service is far greater than the amount of the subsidy in the public budget. These results are useful for making accurate budgetary projections for similar eliminations of charges for low‐income pensioners in the Spanish National Health Service.
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