The article examines some lexical-thematic groups of similes based on the material of some languages of South Slavia. These similes contain the names of oriental sweets, sweet dishes and drinks that ...entered the languages of the Southern Slavs as a result of linguistic communication that accompanied the dialogue of Slavic and Turkish cultures for many centuries. The article deals with both outdated similes and those that are actively used nowadays. The author gives possible cultural, historical and etymological comments to these similes. To identify the equivalence or nonequivalence of similes, the author used phraseological material of other Slavic languages.
The multi-author book New Russian and Slavic Phraseology examines the diversity of the phraseological dynamics in modern Slavic languages. The authors analysed new processes, such as the emergence of ...new phraseological units, various changes in invariants of phrasemes and paroemias with reference to phraseological modelling, reactualization of the phraseological corpus elements in Slavic languages in new social climate. The authors studied new processes in modern phraseology in Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Polish, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, Bulgarian and Macedonian languages, and also used facts from other European languages to complement their analyses. The first chapter of the book entitled “New processes in modern Russian and Slavic phraseology” examines the connection of phraseological neologization with the most significant changes in the lives of native speakers and their society. It focuses on general trends in the development of the phraseological composition in Slavic languages and phraseosemantic aspects, and discusses problems of reproducibility and idiomaticity of ‘new’ variants of ‘old’ phraseological units. The chapter provides an overview of thematic and semantic fields in which the manifestation of new phraseology is particularly active. Other topics discussed include the interactions of ‘us’ and ‘them’, ‘old’ and ‘new’, domestic and foreign cultural (transcultural) elements in the form, semantics and pragmatics of modern phraseological neologisms, the problems of reflection of foreign cultural realia in phraseology, the perception and interpretation of phraseological units by the Slavic speech community with the comparison of the ‘traditional’ and ‘new’ stereotypes of the current generation of native speakers, as well as the correlation of synchrony and diachrony in the study of the relation between ‘old’ and ‘new’ in the modern Slavic phraseology and paremiology. The second chapter “New in Russian and Slavic phraseology in the mirror of lexicography” presents current and topical problems based on the experience of lexicographic description and recording of phraseological units in the aspect and explanatory dictionaries of Russian and other Slavic languages. The authors focus on the key issues of phraseological neography–what should be considered a new phraseological unit, and what chronological point should become the starting point for its description. Special attention is paid to the linguistic interpretation of the term ‘phraseological neologism’ with its chronological and functional aspects, the life potential of phraseological neologisms that emerged in beginning of the new millennium projected on the present-day use, the reasons and incentives for an initial activ496 | НОВОЕ В РУССКОЙ И СЛАВЯНСКОЙ ФРАЗЕОЛОГИИ ity of neologisms followed by the subsequent stabilization of some of the phrasemes, while the other ones are marginalized. The phraseological potential of new stable collocations with the social demand for their use, recording new phraseology in dictionaries of neologisms, and, in the case of their stabilization, in lexicographical and phraseographic sources are also discussed in the chapter. The third chapter entitled “New phraseological units in the modern media discourse” addresses the sphere of media landscape and media texts as the most powerful source of new phraseology. Based on the material excerpted from the media discourse, the authors consider the trends of phraseological parallelism in Slavic languages in the complexity of convergent and divergent processes, phraseologization of language units and incentives for their generation in the Internet space, network communication and cyberculture, and creative interpretation of a phraseological invariant by individual users and social groups. The fourth chapter “New phraseological units in language corpora, modern journalism and fiction” presents different approaches of the co-authors to studying the frequency of the use of certain types of phraseological novelties recorded in the corpora. The approaches also differ in the study of the semantic dynamics of phrasemes in journalistic discourse and in defining the complex idiomatic manifestations representing linguistic stereotypes. The chapter discusses approaches to the study of the variational and interpretive aspect of phraseology, which contributes to the reconstruction of the complex stable beliefs representing the assessment of the political and social phenomena, and to the study of the mechanism of indirectly derived nominations in various conceptospheres. Using literary texts and fiction as sources, the author considers the idiosyncrasy of the phraseology in the authors’ discourse and the problems of translating neological phraseological units of a slang nature into other languages. The authors of the fifth chapter entitled “Problems of the boundaries of modern Slavic phraseology” focused on the need to clarify the basic concepts of phraseology with respect to new conditions. They address the problems of semantics, pragmatics, functioning of phraseological units and lexical metaphorical formations that can be compared to phrasemes in their purpose and reproducibility. The chapter provides a definition, or rather a certain clarification of the phraseological status of stable comparisons, minimal phraseological constructions as ‘preposition + noun’, syntactic phraseological units, compound terms, slogans, appeals, etc. The sixth chapter “The origin of modern phraseological neologisms” is devoted to the issues of interlingual convergence of closely related / non-closely related Slavic and non-Slavic languages, and the interaction of their phraseology. In particular, it studies borrowings in the new Slavic phraseology, the phraseological potential of figurative expressions with a certain component, dialogical idioms. The authors focus on the perception of the semantics of phraseological units by the modern language consciousness, taking into account the social situation, spiritual constants and cultural reference points of modern society. SUMMARY | 497 The seventh chapter entitled “Transformation of phraseological units in the modern Slavic languages” presents a wide range of research in semantic, structuralsemantic and contextual novelties in phraseological units, phraseological modelling performed in vertical and horizontal analyses with respect to the transformational potential of various structural-semantic types of phraseological units. The authors focused on the interpretative potential and current new phenomena in biblical phraseological expressions as well as in phraseological units with mythological, anthroponymic and somatic components, and their perception by the modern cultural and linguistic community. A particular attention is paid to the study of transformations as a creative linguistic activity of native speakers, the manifestations of carnivalization of the ‘old’ units, and to examples of a language game. The problems of a comparative study of the transformational potential of phraseological units in closely related Slavic languages were also subjected to detailed analysis. The eighth chapter “Modern paremiology, proverbiology and aphoristics” studies the transformative potential of paroemias, proverbial expressions, aphorisms, slogans and the examples of their specific implementations. The authors consider the problems of precedence, the activity and transformative potential of the structuralsemantic model, the interaction of internal and external incentives of the precedent texts which lead to generating new axiologically informative idioms. The semantic and formal aspects of transformations of paroemias, proverbial expressions, aphorisms and slogans in the context of social relevance of this kind of neology are analysed in the chapter. Linguistic and cultural transfer is defined as a new approach to the study of modern changes in Slavic paroemias.
Архангельская Алла (гл. ред.): Новое в русской и славянской фразеологии (Slavofraz-2020). Olomouc: Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci, 2020. 510 s. далее – Новое 2020; Dobríková Mária: Vlastné meno ako ...komponent slovenských a bulharských frazém. Bratislava: Univerzita Komenského v Bratislave, 2014. 134 s. далее – Vlastné meno 2014; Dobríková Mária (ed.): Percepcia nadprirodzena vo frazeológii (Slavofraz-2019). Bratislava: Univerzita Komenského v Bratislave, 2019. 374 s. далее – Percepcia 2019; Janovec Ladislav (ed.): Svět v obrazech a ve frazeologii II. / World in Pictures and in Phraseology II. Praha: PFUK, 2021. 551 s. далее – Svět 2021
The paper presents the concept of a comparative topical dictionary of set similes, which allows to fully reflect the axiological parameters of phraseological material. The choice of the object of ...vocabulary description which is set similes (comparative phraseological units) is justified by their direct correlation with the category of evaluation and the individual value system. It is emphasized that in the act of phraseological nomination, axiologically oriented is the choice of the object of comparison that requires evaluation, and the image of comparison that refers the native speaker and the researcher to the sphere of origin of the turnover, to its history. These phraseological parameters have been thoroughly investigated on the material of various languages. However, bilingual dictionaries do not give a complete picture of the evaluative phraseological universals and the ethnocultural specifics of phraseological comparisons. A bilingual dictionary of a special type will help solve this problem, realizing the idea of parallel-contrastive representation of the material, which determines the relevance of our research presented in this article on the material of the Russian and Czech languages. The article deals with such theoretical issues of phraseology as the axiological potential of a comparative phraseological unit, the paradigmatics of the axiological space of comparative phraseology, axiological characteristics of the comparison standard, etc. Referring to the dictionary entries formed within the framework of the concept, the feasibility of multi-directional linguoaxiological development of set similes in two sections of the comparative dictionary has been proved: from the general phraseological image to the meaning of phraseological units and their axiological orientation as well as from the meaning of a phraseological unit to methods of associative-figurative transmission of evaluative connotations. In the first case, the phrase-forming potential of the figurative cores representing the model manifestations of the evaluated attributes is revealed, while ethnoculturally determined discrepancies of the axiological charge of the image are commented on. In the second case, the attribute itself is characterized from the standpoint of its practical significance for speakers of different linguistic cultures. A model of parallel-contrasting dictionary macro-entry structuring is presented: the filling of parametric zones, the features of metalanguage use, and the graphic ways of displaying types of figurative-axiological correspondences.
Slavic languages employ a wide array of dependent markers (typically, preposition + case combinations) in nominal causal constructions, i.e. causal constructions where the causing event is ...syntactically represented by a noun phrase, cf. заплакала от боли в руке ‘(she) burst into tears from the pain in her arm’ or Я погибаю из-за любви ‘I’m perishing on account of love’ in Russian. Drawing on the data from a parallel corpus (ParaSol) and using the multi-dimensional scaling technique, I explore the ways in which the choice of a specific nominal causal marker corresponds to semantic contrasts in eleven Slavic languages. The contrast between direct and indirect causes is found to be omnipresent in Slavic (with a possible exception of the Slovenian preposition zaradi, which spans both semantic subdomains). Indirect causal markers are often specialized, but they are relatively infrequent in speech, structurally secondary, weakly grammaticalized and diachronically unstable. By contrast, direct causes are typically expressed by more grammaticalized and highly polysemous markers. These markers are very often cognitively based on the elative spatial schema. Even though some Slavic languages diverge in the use of direct causal markers (cf. the Instrumental case in Czech or the Polish preposition przez), the very semantic contrasts in the domain of nominal causal markers remain robust across Slavic.
En este trabajo analizaremos el uso que se hace de las unidades fraseológicas por parte de diferentes humoristas gráficos de la prensa española de actualidad (autores que superan el mero humorismo en ...busca de un análisis crítico de la realidad informativa). Para llevar a cabo esta labor será necesario, en primer lugar, contrastar las características de los códigos verbal y visual y los problemas que plantea la transferencia entre ambos. En segundo lugar, y en relación con lo anterior, mostraremos que el principal factor que se debe tener en cuenta en la codificación y decodificación de estas imágenes es el grado de idiomaticidad de las unidades fraseológicas subyacentes. Para ilustrar estos procesos se ejemplificará con los artistas gráficos David Pintor y Carlos López (Pinto & Chinto), que desde hace casi una década realizan diariamente una viñeta en el periódico La Voz de Galicia, uno de los más antiguos y de mayor difusión en España, si bien comprobaremos que desde períodos remotos se ha acometido con diferente propósito la labor de plasmar fraseologismos en imágenes.
Dziewońska Dorota: Językowy obraz życia i śmierci w języku polskim i węgierskim (w świetle frazeologizmów i materiałów ankietowych). Budapest: XII. Kerületi Lengyel Nemzetiségi Önkormányzat, 2008. ...202 s
The aim of this paper is to describe the phraseologisms in the prose by the Transcarpathian Ukrainian writer Myroslav Dochynets. The most important linguocultural peculiarities of phraseological ...units denoting human actions, deeds, and behaviour fixed in the works of arts by the above-mentioned author have been analyzed for the first time. The topicality of the study is determined by the need of further elaboration on the issues in Ukrainian linguistics related to the studying individual phraseologisms used by authors of literary works, the increase of interest to dialect phraseology in the Ukrainian language, the lack of thorough studies dealing with texts written by the above-mentioned Transcarpathian Ukrainian prosaist. It has been claimed that it is dialectal phraseology that best of all reproduces the experience, customs, rituals, and mental peculiarities of native speakers living in Transcarpathia. The collected empirical material has been elaborated by means of the descriptive method for distinguishing thematic groups of phraseologisms. The method of contextual analysis has been used for ascertaining functional and stylistic possibilities of phraseologisms in the prose by Myroslav Dochynets. The descriptive method enabled the theoretical generalization of the results achieved in the study and the systematization of the selected material. The method of componential analysis has been used for specifying the meaning of phraseologisms. Approximately 600 phraseological units have been extracted from the empirical material. The development of phraseological meaning has been under investigation, which enabled ascertaining both their universal regularities and national (regional) specificity. The author claims that phraseologisms fixed in the works of art have a vividly expressed emotional and assessing colouring, lending picturesqueness to the text. Phraseological units characterize signs and actions vividly and neatly, which may be applied to a great number of concrete facts of speech. The style of the works is a phenomenon, the result of the writer’s untiring creative activities. It has been observed that describing characters and their state, Myroslav Dochynets often uses comparative phraseologisms. Their use helped the writer to recall local colouring, to reveal tempers, positive and negative deeds of the characters, physical and emotional state of personages, and vividly and originally express their spoken tongue.
It is an undeniable fact that as a result of centuries of historical, cultural, and neighbourly contacts, Orientalisms penetrated the languages of the Slavs in quite large numbers. They are firmly ...fixed in the lexical structure of Slavic languages both in their original meaning (corresponding to the original language) and in a sense reinterpreted on Slavic soil. Numerous linguistic and culturological works are devoted to this topic. The Ukrainian language is no exception in this regard. Historical lexicology studies the causes, time, and ways of penetration and adaptation of Orientalisms in the Ukrainian language. Borrowings from Oriental languages make up a significant layer of the Ukrainian vocabulary. The fate of borrowings varies: they eithe r remained exoticisms in the recipient language or as a result of extralinguistic factors, they were assimilated so much that they became symbols of national culture. For example, the fate of Orientalisms leleka ‘stork’, kobza, and surma in Ukraine is indicative in this regard. One of the frequent associations with the country is the image of Zaporozhian Cossacks in wide bloomers with an integral attribute – tobacco. The purpose of this study is to identify the semantic and functional peculiarities of the Ukrainian Orientalisms in comparison. In this paper, using the example of these lexical units, we consider the phrase-making potential as well as the semantic and functional features of these borrowed Orientalisms associated with Ukraine, as part of comparative constructions. The paper deals with both outdated similes and those that are actively used nowadays. In addition to this, the author gives possible culturological, historical, and etymological comments to similes, showing the meaning of phraseological units and components that are parts of similes. The study demonstrates that the analyzed Orientalisms have been so firmly established in the foundation of the Ukrainian language that they are not perceived in the recipient language as foreign elements. On the contrary, they have become ethnic symbols in Ukrainian linguistic culture, they are productive in derivational terms (the paper does not deal with this question), and operate in stable compa risons, including imagery and poetry. However, their ethnosymbolic features, apparently, have imposed restrictions on their phraseological potential: in comparison with Orientalisms that have not become markers of Ukrainian culture (baraban, bazar, kavun, kazan, etc.), they are phraseologically less active, not frequent a s part of stable comparisons referring to a standard, measure of action, quality, etc.
