As climate issues gradually attract public attention worldwide, the operation and construction of oil product pipelines have been attached with new energy-saving and emission-reduction targets. ...Though previous studies concerning Life Cycle Assessment of oil and gas pipelines have estimated the carbon footprint to some extent, there is a lack of researches that take the characteristics of oil products pipelines into consideration. Oil products pipelines undertake the task of delivering various products to downstream demand locations, which differs greatly from other pipeline transportation systems as back-to-back sequential delivery is adopted. In this paper, a detailed Life Cycle Assessment model is established to analyze carbon emissions of oil products pipeline system from construction to disposal as well as its impact on soil environment. Data from practical pipes is adopted as the case study to reflect emissions produced in different stages, and the amount of total and unified emissions of different pipes provided through the proposed model is within the range of 2.78 to 4.70 tCO2e/t·km. Then, sensitivity analysis is carried out to identify the driving factors of emissions. According to the calculation results, pipe length, diameter and throughput turn out to be the dominating factors, and an empirical formula is derived for future planned pipes. Relevant recommendations are put forward based on the results to help reduce emissions from oil product pipe transportation.
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•Comprehensive life cycle inventory analysis on oil product pipeline system.•Establish an LCA model to analyze potential carbon emission in the system.•Summarize key parameters affecting the total emissions and their sensitivity.•Propose a fitting formula to estimate pipeline emission based on real data.
A safe and sustainable transition to hydrogen requires that the risks associated with hydrogen systems be rigorously investigated and quantified. Quantitative risk assessment (QRA) is a rigorous ...process to achieve this purpose. This paper reviews existing studies on the safety aspects of hydrogen pipelines and analyzes the applicability of existing methods and models for QRA of hydrogen transmission pipelines. This work identifies QRA research gaps for hydrogen transmission pipelines and outlines initial approaches to address them. According to our analysis, consequence modeling has received considerable attention, while limited work has been conducted to quantitatively analyze the failure causes of hydrogen pipelines. Most existing models for pipelines in general cannot be directly applied to hydrogen pipelines, yet they might serve as the basis for future hydrogen pipeline QRA models. The results provide insights into the most critical research needed to enable QRA for hydrogen pipelines.
•Timely reviewed the existing studies on the safety aspects of hydrogen pipelines.•Analyzed the existing transmission pipeline systems and hydrogen's effect on them.•Analyzed existing methods and models for QRA of hydrogen transmission pipelines.•Identified research gaps in the QRAs of hydrogen transmission pipelines.
Since mass spectrometry was introduced as the core technology for large-scale analysis of the proteome, the speed of data acquisition, dynamic ranges of measurements, and data quality are ...continuously improving. These improvements are triggered by regular launches of new methodologies and instruments.
Natural gas pipeline cost data collected by the Oil and Gas Journal (O&GJ) for interstate pipelines constructed from 1980 through 2017 were used to develop capital cost estimating equations that are ...a function of pipeline diameter, length, and U.S. region. Equations were developed for material, labor, miscellaneous, and right-of-way costs, the four cost components in the O&GJ data, for six different regions of the United States (U.S.). Each equation is a function of pipeline diameter and length. Adjustment mechanisms were then developed for converting the natural gas pipeline equations into equations for estimating the costs of hydrogen pipelines. These adjustments were based in part on an analysis completed by the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST). Here the results of this work were used to update cost models in the Hydrogen Delivery Scenario Analysis Model (HDSAM), developed by Argonne National Laboratory for the U.S. Department of Energy’s Hydrogen Program. Our analysis shows a wide range of pipeline cost across different U.S. regions, especially with respect to labor and right-of-way costs. The developed cost formulas for hydrogen pipelines are both important and timely as hydrogen is being considered as a zero-carbon energy carrier with the potential to decarbonize all energy sectors, and the cost of hydrogen transportation is essential for techno-economic analysis of its potential use in these sectors.
Subzero temperatures, whiteout blizzards, and even the lack of
restrooms didn't deter them. Nor did sneers, harassment, and
threats. Wildcat Women is the first book to document the
life and labor of ...pioneering women in the oil fields of Alaska's
North Slope. It profiles fourteen women who worked in the fields,
telling a little-known history of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline. These
trailblazers conquered their fears to face hazardous working and
living conditions, performing and excelling at "a man's job in a
man's world." They faced down challenges on and off the job: they
drove buses over ice roads through snowstorms; wrestled with
massive pipes; and operated dangerous valves that put their lives
literally in their hands; they also fought union hall red tape,
challenged discriminatory practices, and fought for equal pay-and
sometimes won. The women talk about the roads that brought them to
this unusual career, where they often gave up comfort and
convenience and felt isolated and alienated. They also tell of the
lifelong friendships and sense of family that bonded these unlikely
wildcats. The physical and emotional hardship detailed in these
stories exemplifies their courage, tenacity, resilience, and
leadership, and shows how their fight for recognition and respect
benefited woman workers everywhere.
•We propose a quantitative risk assessment for pipelines that considers human life.•We propose a method to correct the loss value of life based on population density.•Our new evaluation method can ...effectively identify high-consequence areas.•The results can be used to improve protection resources in crowded areas.
Currently, quantitative risk assessment is often used for pipeline safety analysis. However, the low probability of pipeline failure may produce a false safety evaluation result because high-consequence areas with high population densities cannot be effectively identified. Furthermore, nearly half of the gas leakage accidents in China have occurred in densely populated areas. Therefore, an improved quantitative risk assessment method is proposed. First, we establish two models: (1) a failure probability model based on improved historical failure and disaster derivation probabilities and (2) a risk consequence model considering potential direct and indirect losses based on the probability of disaster evolution. Considering the concept of human rights equality and the social model of “life is first” in China, a method to correct the loss value of life according to population density is proposed, which can effectively avoid the hidden phenomenon of high-consequence areas mentioned above. A pipeline in China is evaluated using this improved method. Compared with traditional evaluation results, the new evaluation method can effectively identify a high-consequence area and obtain more reasonable results. Thus, a pipeline maintenance plan can ensure the interests of enterprises and fully respect the lives of individuals threatened by the potential risk of the pipeline.
Free span refers to a subsea pipeline section that is suspended over the seabed. Such a pipe section is vulnerable to vortex-induced vibration leading to possible fatigue pipe damage. Existing ...studies on pipe–soil interaction on a free-span shoulder are limited and the methods provided in the commonly used design guidelines appear to rely on either plausible assumptions or simplified conditions that warrant further investigations. In this study, a centrifuge model study has been carried out to evaluate pipe–soil interaction of an embedded pipe subject to cyclic motions. Parametric studies involving effects of pipeline motion amplitude and initial embedment on pipe–soil interaction are conducted. The test results reveal that the degradation in soil stiffness can be correlated with pipeline motion cycle and amplitude. Simplified methods are then proposed for the preliminary evaluation of equivalent soil stiffness.
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