Cannabis consumption during adolescence has been reported as a risk factor for psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) and schizophrenia. However, brain developmental processes associated with ...cannabis-related PLEs are still poorly described.
A total of 706 adolescents from the general population who were recruited by the IMAGEN consortium had structural magnetic resonance imaging scans at both 14 and 19 years of age. We used deformation-based morphometry to map voxelwise brain changes between the two time points, using the pairwise algorithm in SPM12b. We used an a priori region-of-interest approach focusing on the hippocampus/parahippocampus to perform voxelwise linear regressions. Lifetime cannabis consumption was assessed using the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and other Drugs (ESPAD), and PLEs were assessed with the Comprehensive Assessment Psychotic-like experiences (CAPE) tool. We first tested whether hippocampus/parahippocampus development was associated with PLEs. Then we formulated and tested an a priori simple mediation model in which uncus development mediates the association between lifetime cannabis consumption and PLEs.
We found that PLEs were associated with reduced expansion within a specific region of the right hippocampus/parahippocampus formation, the uncus (p = .002 at the cluster level, p = .018 at the peak level). The partial simple mediation model revealed a significant total effect from lifetime cannabis consumption to PLEs (b = 0.069, 95% CI = 0.04-0.1, p =2 × 10
), as well as a small yet significant, indirect effect of right uncus development (0.004; 95% CI = 0.0004-0.01, p = .026).
We show here that the uncus development is involved in the cerebral basis of PLEs in a population-based sample of healthy adolescents.
Production–living–ecological space (PLES) basically covers the scope of spatial activities in people’s material production and spiritual life and is the basic carrier of human social development and ...economic activities. The coordinated development of PLES is an effective method to mitigate land-use conflicts to achieve balanced and coordinated development of the region. However, so far, compared with the single-scale study based on administrative unit, the PLES conflicts between microcosmic grid-scale receives less attention. Considering the important scale problems of the geographical study, this study aims to analyze the synergetic degree of PLES under different scales (administrative-unit, grid, and integrated multiscale) and to scientifically diagnose land use conflicts in Ningbo, China. Results indicated that production land and ecological land in Ningbo were continuously occupied by human activities from 2010 to 2018. The lowest and lower suitability areas of ecological space in Ningbo increased from 2010 to 2018. Land ecological suitability was seriously affected by urban expansion, its ecological value was reduced, and the PLES developed towards the trend of being uncoordinated. Multiscale coupling analysis showed that the PLES in Ningbo was in less conflict on the whole, but with the development of the economy, the coupling coordination degree of PLES was also damaged. This study establishes the different scales of a PLES coupling coordination development degree evaluation index system and enriches the methods of multiscale land use fusion conflict diagnosis and also provides a scientific reference for the optimized and sustainable development of regional territorial space.
Northern Xinjiang is the center of gravity for Xinjiang's economic development, and "production-living-ecological space" (PLES) is of great significance to the optimization of regional territorial ...spatial structure. Taking northern Xinjiang as our study area, we analyze the spatial and temporal variations of the ecological and environmental effects of PLES evolution from 2000 to 2020. To do so, we apply the grid cell method, the ecological and environmental quality index, the global autocorrelation model, and the kernel density estimation. Additionally, we use a geographic detector model to reveal the drivers of spatial variation in ecological and environmental quality. Results show that from 2000 to 2020, PLES in the study area is mainly ecological accommodation land. However, there is an obvious trend showing a decrease in ecological accommodation land area and an increase in other land types. Production land and living land increased the most, among which agricultural land and industrial land were mainly converted from grassland ecological land and water ecological land, respectively. The quality of the ecological environment is basically stable during the study period, with an overall slight declining trend, which indicates the quality of ecological environment has decreased slightly. The spatial distribution of the eco-environmental effect shows a significant spatial autocorrelation pattern of "dense in the west and sparse in the east", along with a spatial clustering phenomenon. The main factor of spatial variation in ecological quality is elevation, and the interactions between the factors are mainly non-linearly and double-factor enhanced. The spatial differentiation of ecological environmental quality in the study area is the result of multiple factors. Exploring the ecological and environmental effects of PLES evolution and its driving factors can provide a scientific basis for the implementation of territorial spatial planning and ecological environmental protection in northern Xinjiang.
The identification of regional production-living-ecological space (PLES) is the basic work for the optimization of territorial space, which can point to the direction for the protection, utilization ...and restoration of regional territorial space. Identification and optimization of PLES in an ecological foundation area in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River is of great significance for ensuring national ecological security and promoting sustainable social development. In this study, Jiangjin District, located at the tail of the Three Gorges Reservoir area, was selected as a case study. Moreover, based on the land use data of the study area in 2018, the coordination among production, living and ecological functions are analyzed, and the PLES is identified by using the evaluation method of land production-living-ecological function (PLEF) and the coupling coordination degree model. Then, we formulated an optimized zoning scheme of the PLES according to the principles of ecological priority, area advantage and coordinated development. The results show that (1) The living function and production function presented obvious spatial consistency in the study area, while the spatial distribution of ecological function and production function presented significant spatial complementarity. (2) Four categories of spatial combinations can be identified in the study area. Overall, the study area presented a national spatial pattern with production-living-ecological balanced space (PLEBS) and ecological space (ES) as the main body. (3) The PLES in the study area can be divided into four categories. The ecological function should be determined by the ecological conservation area as the primary responsibility, and the comprehensive improvement zone should further improve the coupling and coordination relationship among the PLEF. Moreover, the main production-living and ecological improvement zone and the main production-ecological and living improvement zone should realize the coordinated development of the PLES on the basis of strengthening the leading function.
Effective production, living, and ecological space allocation is essential for advancing territorial policy optimization and improving the sustainability of land resource use. Based on the theory of ...the “production-living-ecological” space (PLES), the present study uses the spatial transfer matrix model, the coupling degree model, and ecosystem service value measurement to analyze the changes in the number and structural characteristics of the PLES and the evolution pattern of development in 336 cities in China from 2000 to 2020 and to evaluate the resulting ecological effects. The results are as follows: the living space is growing; the agricultural production space is decreasing; and the ecological space has been decreasing and then increasing. The evolution of the city space structure has five distinct patterns of development. Cities in the southeast with high urbanization rates have shifted from the pure economic expansion development pattern to the coordinated diversified development pattern. In contrast, the cities in the northeast and northwest, where ecological space accounts for an absolute proportion, still prefer the economic expansion development pattern. There is still a struggle between the “impulse of local development” and the “objective of central coordination”. The development patterns of ecological protection and the coordinated diversified development patterns have higher ecological effects among the five development approaches, confirming the effectiveness of the territorial spatial planning policy under the coordinated development objective. Meanwhile, the optimization of future spatial planning policies should consider not only the rational allocation of space but also the quality development of space.
Studying the mechanism of pollutant transport around an isolated building is essential to address the environmental issue of air pollution around buildings and to understand the intricate process of ...pollutant dispersion in urban environments. In this paper, an effective numerical approach is used to study the effects of building heights and widths on airflow and pollutant dispersion around an isolated building. The source of pollutants is behind the building. The pollutant is confined to the lower areas as a result of small vortices behind the low-rise buildings, and transported to the wake area. Whereas high-rise buildings make the pollutant move to an upper region. At the pedestrian level, the wake area of the lower building stores more pollution. Therefore, the environment around the low-rise buildings may be more hazardous. The concentration of pollutants is greater at higher altitudes around wider buildings. Pollutants are transferred to the sides of wider buildings at the pedestrian level, leading to lower concentrations in the wake-central area. A wider building poses a greater lateral dangerous-area, while a narrower building results in a longer central wake area that is hazardous.
Motivirati učenike za rad i sudjelovanje u klasičnoj nastavi sve je veći izazov današnjeg doba. Nastavnici traže inovativne pristupe podučavanju i koriste različite motivacijske metode kako bi ...pridobili pažnju učenika. Kada se tome pribroji i specifičnost nastave Tjelesne i zdravstvene kulture koja traži i tjelesni angažman učenika, misija postaje gotovo nemoguća. Koji pristup odabrati? Slijepo se držati propisanog plana i programa uzdajući se da će vanjska motivacija u obliku ocjene biti dovoljna za uspjeh u radu ili pokušati naći načina da učenici uživaju u procesu učenja, razumiju ono što uče i zašto to uče. Ovaj rad opisuje primjer dobre prakse motivacije učenika Škole za primijenjenu umjetnost u Rijeci.
Assessment of biodistribution and specific tumor accumulation is essential for the development of new radiopharmaceuticals and requires animal experiments. The HET-CAM (hens-egg test—chorioallantoic ...membrane) model can be used in combination with the non-invasive imaging modalities PET and MRI for pre-selection during radiopharmaceutical development to reduce the number of animal experiments required. Critical to the acceptance of this model is the demonstration of the quantifiability and reproducibility of these data compared to the standard animal model. Tumor accumulation and biodistribution of the PSMA-specific radiotracer 18FF-siPSMA-14 was analyzed in the chick embryo and in an immunodeficient mouse model. Evaluation was based on MRI and PET data in both models. γ-counter measurements and histopathological analyses complemented these data. PSMA-specific accumulation of 18FF-siPSMA-14 was successfully demonstrated in the HET-CAM model, similar to the results obtained by mouse model studies. The combination of MR and PET imaging allowed precise quantification of peptide accumulation, initial assessment of biodistribution, and accurate determination of tumor volume. Thus, the use of the HET-CAM model is suitable for the pre-selection of new radiopharmaceuticals and potentially reduces animal testing in line with the 3Rs principles of animal welfare.
The identification of land type multi-functionality is a basic tool for the organization, coordination, and configuration of basin land, and provides a key criterion for determining the combination ...of land-use functions and the status quo of the ecological environment in the basin. However, a feasible identification method system for this purpose has not yet been established. Therefore, in this study, we construct a production–living–ecological space (PLES) classification system from the comprehensive perspective of land-use type and ecological environment. Based on remote sensing of PLES and statistical land-use status data for 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020, we analyze the evolutionary characteristics of land-use function using the transfer matrix and center of gravity transfer methods. These are combined with the eco-environmental quality index to reveal the driving factors of eco-environmental quality spatial differentiation using the geographic detector model. The results indicate that the overall ecological environment quality index of the Tarim River Basin presents a downward trend, with a spatial differentiation pattern of high in the northwest and low in the southeast. Over the past 20 years, the ecological environment quality index has dropped by 0.852. The structural evolution and regional differentiation of PLES areas are remarkable, all of which expanded over the study period (except for the key ecological land). The center of gravity of production land presented the most obvious migration, with a total migration of 10,601.76 m to the northeast. Eco-environmental effects are found to be mainly driven by socio-economic factors, of which population density growth is the most important. The implementation of some ecological restoration projects has played a role in slowing down the degradation trend of the ecological environment quality in the Tarim River Basin; however, due to population increases and socio-economic development, the ecological environment degradation has overall been exacerbated.
Distressing ‘psychotic-like’ or unusual experiences (UEDs) signify increased mental health risk in the general population, including greater likelihood and severity of co-occurring non-psychotic ...mental health problems, and, from fourteen years of age, increased risk of a future psychotic illness. Healthcare guidelines for under eighteens recommend psychological intervention for UEDs, to reduce current distress and adverse functional impact, and, potentially, future mental health risk. Children tend not to report UEDs unless directly asked, indicating a need for routine screening. We report on the feasibility of a routine screening methodology, and screening outcomes, in Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) in South East London, United Kingdom.
Four general community CAMHS teams were invited to screen, by adding a nine-item self-report UED measure to their routine assessment battery. Screening data were collected over 18months from 02/2015 to 07/2016.
All but one team agreed to screen. Each team saw around 300 accepted referrals during the audit period (total: 900); 768 of these (85%) were successfully screened; of those screened, 68% (n=524) self-reported UEs, 60% (n=461) with associated distress/adverse functional impact. Screening was acceptable to clinicians, children and families.
Assessing UEDs routinely in CAMHS is feasible, and suggests that around two thirds of assessed referrals could potentially benefit from interventions targeting UEDs. Additional training may be required for the CAMHS workforce to address this need.
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