Ideal and Nonideal Theory SIMMONS, A. JOHN
Philosophy & public affairs,
Winter 2010, Letnik:
38, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
One of the many distinctions introduced in John Rawls's monumental work, A Theory of Justice, was that between the ideal and the nonideal theories of justice. Like many of Rawls's dichotomies, this ...one has come to frame much subsequent discussion in moral and political philosophy, and use of the Rawlsian terminology has become perfectly commonplace. Here, Simmons examines some possible alternative approaches to the ideal-nonideal distinction and suggests some reasons for favoring the Rawlsian approach.
Ronald Inglhart's modernization theory provides a model of global value change, with affirmation of specific national paths of change. The paper considered the importance of the index of ...postmaterialism as a key element of the self-expression dimension. The distribution of (post)materialistic values in Serbia is presented based on data from the European Values Study and World Values Study from 2001, 2005 and 2008. The data indicate the presence of a stable structure in which the mixed and materialistic type predominates.The influence of sociodemographic factors on postmaterialism was examined by applying the regression analysis to the data from 2008. The results indicate a significant influence of the age, level of education and size of the city, while the impact of the amount of income is not statistically significant. The obtained results support Inglhart's theory of values, but do not exclude the effect of the life cycle.
This book provides a general theory of democratic inclusion for the present world. It presents an original contribution to our understanding of the democratic ideal by explaining how democratic ...inclusion can apply to individuals in a variety of contexts: the workplace, social clubs, religious institutions, the family, and, of course, the state. The book explores the problem of democratic inclusion, what it means to be subject to de facto authority, how this conception translates into legal systems, and the relationship between territorial claims by the state, and law’s claim to legitimate authority. The volume will be of interest to scholars and researchers of politics, especially political theory and democracy.
Perfectionist liberalism is a type of liberal political view by Isaiah Berlin that spells out a set of controversial metaphysical and ethical doctrines concerning the nature of value and the good ...life, and then goes on to recommend political principles built upon these values. Joseph Raz took Berlin's formulations, which were compressed and allusive, and developed ideas with more clarity. The major liberal alternative to Berlin's and Raz's theories is the view called political liberalism, developed by Charles Larmore and John Rawls. The author compares and contrasts these political philosophies. Adapted from the source document.
Rechtspopulismus und Autoritarismus, Auseinandersetzungen um »Identitätspolitik«, die Digitalisierung der öffentlichen Debatte und die Macht von Verschwörungstheorien führen zu tiefgreifenden ...sozialen, kulturellen und politischen Transformationsprozessen. Für die Untersuchung dieser Transformationen sind die Theorien des Politischen und der radikalen Demokratie besonders geeignet, da sie die grundsätzliche Fragilität der liberalen Ordnung analysieren. Fraglich ist jedoch, ob die radikaldemokratische Forderung nach einer Disruption der liberalen Ordnung die richtige Antwort auf die beschriebenen Transformationen ist. Die Beiträge unternehmen eine kritische Revision der Theorien des Politischen und erschließen damit das gegenwartsanalytische Potential radikaldemokratischer Ansätze für die 2020er Jahre.
Nicht erst seit dem Aufkommen des Begriffs der »Cancel Culture« scheint es, als könne man schlicht nicht mehr miteinander reden. Die unterschiedlichen Konzeptionen von Ziel und Methode, also von der ...Strategie gesellschaftlicher Auseinandersetzungen, variieren so stark, dass sie schlicht nicht mehr kommensurabel sind. Diese Situation lässt sich als das Resultat einer langen Geschichte strategischer Entwürfe und Gegenentwürfe begreifen. Christopher Jakob Rudoll gibt anhand der Beispiele von Marxismus, Katholizismus und Feminismus einen systematischen Überblick über Debattenkulturen in Theorie und Praxis seit den 1920er-Jahren - und hilft somit, die aktuelle Sprachlosigkeit besser zu verstehen.
This open access textbook introduces and defines digital humanism from a diverse range of disciplines. Following the 2019 Vienna Manifesto, the book calls for a digital humanism that describes, ...analyzes, and, most importantly, influences the complex interplay of technology and humankind, for a better society and life, fully respecting universal human rights. The book is organized in three parts: Part I “Background” provides the multidisciplinary background needed to understand digital humanism in its philosophical, cultural, technological, historical, social, and economic dimensions. The goal is to present the necessary knowledge upon which an effective interdisciplinary discourse on digital humanism can be founded. Part II “Digital Humanism – a System’s View” focuses on an in-depth presentation and discussion of the main digital humanism concerns arising in current digital systems. The goal of this part is to make readers aware and sensitive to these issues, including e.g. the control and autonomy of AI systems, privacy and security, and the role of governance. Part III “Critical and Societal Issues of Digital Systems” delves into critical societal issues raised by advances of digital technologies. While the public debate in the past has often focused on them separately, especially when they became visible through sensational events the aim here is to shed light on the entire landscape and show their interconnected relationships. This includes issues such as AI and ethics, fairness and bias, privacy and surveillance, platform power and democracy. This textbook is intended for students, teachers, and policy makers interested in digital humanism. It is designed for stand-alone and for complementary courses in computer science, or curricula in science, engineering, humanities and social sciences. Each chapter includes questions for students and an annotated reading list to dive deeper into the associated chapter material. The book aims to provide readers with as wide an exposure as possible to digital advances and their consequences for humanity. It includes constructive ideas and approaches that seek to ensure that our collective digital future is determined through human agency.
Neoliberalism and neoconservatism are two distinct political rationalities in the contemporary United States. They have few overlapping formal characteristics, and even appear contradictory in many ...respects. Yet they converge not only in the current presidential administration but also in their de-democratizing effects. Their respective devaluation of political liberty, equality, substantive citizenship, and the rule of law in favor of governance according to market criteria on the one side, and valorization of state power for putatively moral ends on the other, undermines both the culture and institutions of constitutional democracy. Above all, the two rationalities work symbiotically to produce a subject relatively indifferent to veracity and accountability in government and to political freedom and equality among the citizenry.
PDF
