Seizmografska istraživanja čiji je naručitelj Vlada Republike Hrvatske ukazuju na to da jadransko podmorje sadrži zalihe ugljikovodika. Iako tu nije riječ o posebice bogatim zalihama, rezultati tih ...početnih istraživanja pobuđuju interes multinacionalnih trgovačkih društava koja se bave preradom ugljikovodika. Pravna sigurnost gospodarskog pothvata tim društvima jedna je od najvažnijih pretpostavki za ulaganje. Taj zahtjev će se ispuniti s(p)retnom i umješnom kombinacijom zakonodavnog uređenja tog gospodarskog područja države domaćina s jedne strane te sklapanjem posebnih „tailor made“ ugovora s druge, što predstavlja veliki izazov za ugovorne strane. Naime, ugovori o iskorištavanju ugljikovodika moraju kao i svaki drugi ugovor biti odraz svih načela obveznog prava pa je u tom smislu potrebno pronaći pravu ravnotežu između načela ravnopravnosti ugovornih strana i načela pacta sunt servanda, ali i zahtjeva inozemnog trgovačkog društva koje ulaže znatna sredstva u pothvat i očekuje određene povlastice koje će omogućiti razmjerno brz povrat barem početno uloženih sredstava. Ne smije se zaboraviti da je tu riječ o višegodišnjim ugovorima koji trebaju izdržati test ponekad burnih gospodarskih ali i društveno-političkih promjena te treba utvrditi jesu li se okolnosti toliko promijenile da je za jednu od ugovornih strana ispunjenje ugovornih obveza otežano ili se više ne može ostvariti niti svrha ugovora. Kod spomenutih ugovora, raskid ugovora najčešće nije u interesu ugovornih strana. U radu se provodi raščlamba najvažnijih odredaba tih ugovora te se predlažu rješenja koja bi tim pravnim poslovima dala potrebnu razinu prilagodljivosti svim gospodarsko-političkim promjenama koje će sigurno nastati.
For the contract on exploitation of hydrocarbons it has been shown that great attention should be paid to the negotiation phase. The durability of the contract is usually a result of the fact that the negotiators had equal bargaining power. However, the study of basic legal mechanisms, of the process of re-negotiation and different remedies that are used in these contracts points to the conclusion that such agreements must constantly be updated. It is therefore necessary for such contracts to incorporate provisions governing the procedure for their "painless" change. These provisions should be adaptable to the new circumstances and "rules of the game" must be clear to the contractors from the outset. If these questions are regulated in detail then there is less possibility of costly and lengthy disputes emerging. When negotiating, the parties should take into account all the circumstances of the case and find the right measure for use of all legal means described above in order to achieve the main goal - flexibility of the contract and its adaptability to the new circumstances. The paper showed that none of the given solutions has the absolute advantage over the others, but the best results are achieved by skillful combining a large number of these legal remedies. The ultimate goal would be that the host state realize the full extent of its sovereign rights over its natural energy resources eventually.
It is for many countries that are burdened by economic problems a tall order, because foreign investors in many cases continue to have '' the last word '' even when the host country holds, for example, a majority of shares in the company.
Godine 1942. izvršena je zamjena dviju slika Vittorea Carpaccia iz Strossmayerove galerije u Zagrebu za tzv. Višeslavovu krstionicu iz Muzeja Correr u Veneciji. Ciljano arhivsko istraživanje ...dokumenata o zamjeni koji se čuvaju u Strossmayerovoj galeriji, u Arhivu HAZU, u Ministarstvu kulture, u Hrvatskom državnom arhivu, te Muzeju i Biblioteci Correr u Veneciji, rezultiralo je obimnom građom čija analiza omogućuje izravan uvid u tijek pregovora i uspostavljanje precizne kronologije zamjene, te doprinosi sagledavanju zbivanja i u širem društveno-povijesnom kontekstu. Naposlijetku se ukazuje i na najranije datiran dokument iz arhiva Muzeja Correr, koji sadrži dragocjen opis krstionice iz 1852. godine
Trubarjev sodobnik Hieronymus Megiser je iz več razlogov vreden, da se ga spominjamo v Trubarjevem letu 2008. Izmed njegovih knjig, ki jih je izdal ob koncu šestnajstega in na začetku sedemnajstega ...stoletja, sta zelo pomembna njegova slovarja in Koroška kronika, v tem prispevku pa naj bosta posebej predstavljeni knjegovi knjigi pregovorov in očenašev v različnih jezikih, med njimi tudi v slovenskem. Obe sta znani, vendar bi zaslužili večjo pozornost.
Short folklore forms are diverse group of short folklore texts~some of these are used in everyday communication and are still alive, others are reserved for specific moments~some of them are ...disappearing from our linguistic and cultural environment. Their structure,function, texture and context of use differ very greatly, as well as their length~it may comprise a single word (eg. greetings), one sentence (proverbs, riddles) or a short text (defense, prayer). Book systematically and comprehensively shows the origin, structure and classification system, and aesthetic structures of the most representative short folklore forms: working exclamations, greetings, curses, proverbs, riddles, incantations and prayers.
Pobunjeništvo i protupobunjeništvo kao suvremeni oblici ratovanja prikazani su u radu kao dva fenomena koja su zapravo prisutna u svim fazama ljudske civilizacije. Zbog interesa velikog broja ...stručnjaka možemo ih smatrati suvremenim fenomenom. Pobunjeništvo je jedan od oblika izražavanja nezadovoljstva određenom situacijom. Neki su od čimbenika koji potiču to nezadovoljstvo ekonomska i društvena nejednakost
te kršenje ljudskih prava i sloboda. Nezadovoljstvo može biti toliko jako da potiče ustanak pobunjenika na rušenje vlasti. Nasuprot tomu nalazi se protupobunjeništvo, koje obuhvaća sva sredstva suzbijanja pobunjeništva. Provodi se konvencionalnim,
regularnim sredstvima i snagama koje su osposobljene za takvu vrstu borbe. Zbog kompleksnosti, u radu je za studiju slučaja uzet građanski rat u Sirijskoj Arapskoj Republici. U radu se objašnjavaju povijesne predispozicije izbijanja sukoba, daljnji razvoj, interesi pojedinih vanjskih i unutarnjih aktera te su prikazana neka od mogućih rješenja sirijskog pitanja.
Proces proširenja Europske Unije prošao je kroz sedam faza i to u različitim političkim okolnostima. Pojam „proširenje“ predstavlja više od brojčanog širenja članstva i zapravo je sinonim za ...ujedinjenje kontinenta. Proširenje prvenstveno znači definiranje kriterija za potencijalne nove članice EU-a, kao i sam proces pristupnih pregovora za punopravno članstvo novih država članica. Usto, proširenje predstavlja najjači instrument širenja paneuropske ideje s namjerom stvaranja jedinstvene političke, gospodarske i multikulturalne geografske cjeline s konačnim ciljem da se Europu učini jednim od čimbenika novonastajućega globalnog međunarodnog poretka, uz SAD, Kinu i Rusiju. Možda se to čini (suviše) ambicioznim, ali proces proširenja (ujedinjenja) realna je pretpostavka u traženju načina stvaranja Europe kao važnoga globalnog čimbenika. Pritom Zapadni Balkan kao „(ne)sređena“ europska subregija može biti sredstvo (de)stabilizacije Europe. Deklaracijom iz Soluna iz 2003.
godine Europska Unija čelnicima Zapadnog Balkana jasno je izrazila „europsku budućnost“ svih zemalja Zapadnoga Balkana.
Na osnovi dveh obsežnih in primerljivih korpusov, Britanskega in Češkega narodnega korpusa, se v razpravi preverja hipoteza, da se vsaj nekatere stalne besedne zveze ukvarjajo s posebnimi uvajalnimi ...sredstvi. Avtor pregleda 20 najpogostejših rečenic in 20 kolokacijskih rekel in hipoteza se izkaže za pravilno. Poleg teh osnovnih rezultatov razišče tudi naravo in vedenje uvajalnih sredstev, kar mu omogoči delitev na oblikovni in pomenski tip. Pokažejo se tudi nekatere pomembne razlike med angleščino in češčino v rabi teh sredstev. Avtor predlaga, da bi bilo v prihodnje v raziskavo s tega stališča dobro pritegniti več jezikov.
U pismima koja je Andrija Borelli Vranski uputio braći Dominiku
i Ivanu Luki Garagninu, mogu se iščitati mnogi do sada
nepoznati podaci o vremenu francuske uprave u Dalmaciji. U
prilogu se donose do ...sada nepoznati detalji o porezima koje je
francuska vlada htjela uvesti u novoosnovane Ilirske pokrajine.
The European Union (EU) is a specific international organization with the power to adopt decisions that are binding not only to member states, but also to natural and legal persons on its territory. ...In addition, the EU is empowered to adopt binding acts in a vast number of areas that were exclusive domain of sovereign states in the near past. These characteristics make the legal system of the EU very specific, very developed and hence very complex. This is the reason why countries aspiring to be members of the EU must approximate their legal systems with the legal system of the EU, as a precondition that enables them to become member states. Approximation of legislation is the only way to enable the candidate country to take full advantage of all rights and honor all commitments that membership brings. The scope of this dissertation encompasses the process of approximation of the legal system of a country aspiring to become a member state of the EU, until the moment of accession. On the other hand, it does not cover the process of approximation after the accession to the EU, because then the process develops different characteristics, dynamics and methodology. General hypothesis of the dissertation that is being proven is that a country in the process of accession applies the law of the European Communities or acquis communautaire, before the moment of its official accession to the EU. In other words, the process of approximation is, in fact, the process of application of the acquis communautaire before joining the EU. Acceding country must prove its willingness and capability to implement acquis communautaire in order to become a member of the EU. That must be proven in the course of accession, before joining the EU. Speaking de iure, until accession, a country implements its own legislation and acquis communautaire as foreign law, but de facto, through approximation the country implements acquis communautaire disguised in the form of national legal acts. The dissertation aims to prove that proper implementation of the acquis communautaire in the legal order of the acceding country is a condition for membership and not a result of the accession. Author defines which part of acts adopted by the EU constitute the need for legal approximation that require legislative activity of the country, i.e.what is acquis communautaire which falls under the scope of this work. Author also defines, but doesn’t examine in the scope of this dissertation, which part of those acts create an obligation of the country to harmonize its politics and policies with EU politics and policies, creating a political obligation of the acceding country, but not a legal one. The author explores further in which political and economical context this approximation is being done and concludes that, even though approximation constitutes the most challenging condition for accession, it is only a part of the wider context of the overall harmonization of a country with the system of the EU in all areas under EU competences. This wider context is represented by the criteria for membership defined by the European Council conclusions adopted in Copenhagen in 1993 and in Madrid in 1995. Analyzing the process of approximation of legislation of a country in different stages of the process of accession, the author defines three deferent phases with different features. These phases are determined by the level of development of contractual relations of that country with the EU and by closeness of membership. He describes the following phases: the phase before a country signs a Stabilization and Association Agreement, when there is no obligation of a country to approximate its legislation with the acquis communautaire; the phase that starts with the signing of a Stabilization and Association Agreement, when a country takes on an obligation to approximate its legislation in the areas defined by the Agreement, and according to the timetable defined by the Agreement; and the phase after the accession negotiations are opened, when, in the course of negotiations, two sides define when and how the acceding country will fully approximate its legislation with the complete corpus of acquis communautaire. Further on, the author analyzes steps in the process of approximation in a specific legal area that determine the progress achieved in reaching full approximation. He concludes that there are three steps in the process. The first step is adoption of the legal act transposing the acquis communautaire into the national legal order, the second step is implementation of that act primarily by the executive bodies, securing its implementation in line with the practice and principles of the EU, and the third step is enforcement by the judiciary, thus giving the final proof that a country has approximated its legal system (legislative, executive and judicial branches) with the rules of the acquis communautaire. Examining the process of approximation of the legal system of Republic of Serbia with the acquis communautaire in the area of competition law, the dissertation shows that the term “approximation with the acquis communautaire” is, in fact, a legal standard, whose content is defined according to the specificities of an acceding country. Examining this particular area, author concludes that there are two sets of rules with which a country has to approximate its legal system. The first set of rules are those from which there can not be any deviation, while with the second set of rules a country could, or even has to, take into consideration its own specificities. In the first group, the author places rules on restrictive agreements and abuse of dominant position and in the second group rules on control of concentrations and administrative framework for the implementation of policy and legislation. By comparing legal systems of several countries, both member states and acceding countries, the author demonstrates that when approximating its legislation with the first set of rules, an acceding country does not have room for deviating from rules defined by articles 101 and 102 of the Treaty on Functioning of the EU. But, when approximating its legal system with the second set of rules, this possibility arises. Control of concentrations on a market is directly linked to its size and thresholds for control must be defined accordingly. The methodology of defining these thresholds is also variable and depends on the policy orientation of the legislator, with EU giving guidelines in the form of best practices. This draws to the conclusion that the main criteria determining the level of approximation in this area is empirical, namely it is the answer to the question: are concentrations effectively controlled in the market, or not. This, also, stands when speaking about institutional setups for implementing the competition policy and legislation in a country. Every country has to build up its own institutional setup according to its capabilities, needs, existing institutional framework and administrative traditions. This leaves enough maneuvering room for countries to reach the common objective of “full approximation with the acquis communautaire” using different methods and tools. The hypothetical-deductive method was used as a general scientific method of the dissertation. Comparative analysis method was also used, as a useful method for analyzing similarities and differences of experiences and actions of different countries that were or still are in the accession process. Analysis of the content of relevant documents and primarily their qualitative analysis was very important for conducting the research on which the dissertation is based upon.
Evropska unija (EU) predstavlja specifičnu međunarodnu organizaciju sa pravom da donosi odluke koje su obavezujuće, ne samo za države članice nego i za pravna i fizička lica na njenoj teritoriji. Pri tom, Evropska unija je ovlašćena da donosi obavezujuće akte u velikom broju oblasti koje su u prošlosti bile regulisane isključivo nacionalnim pravnim aktima država. Ove karakteristike čine pravni sistem Evropske unije vrlo specifičnim i vrlo razvijenim, a samim tim i složenim. Zbog toga sve države koje pretenduju da postanu članice Evropske unije, moraju uskladiti svoje zakonodavstvo sa pravnim pravilima koja važe u poretku Evropske unije, a što je uslov za njihov prijem u članstvo ove organizacije. Usklađivanje zakonodavstva države koja pristupa jedini je način da ta država, nakon stupanja u članstvo EU, bude sposobna da preuzme u punoj meri prava i obaveze koje članstvo u Evropskoj uniji donosi. Predmet disertacije je proces usklađivanja zakonodavstva jedne države u procesu pristupanja Evropskoj uniji, do momenta stupanja u članstvo. Sa druge strane, predmet disertacije nije i proces usklađivanja nakon pristupanja EU, budući da tada proces usklađivanja dobija drugačije karakteristike, dinamiku i metodologiju. Opšta hipoteza koju disertacija potvrđuje jeste da država koja pristupa Evropskoj uniji primenjuje pravne tekovine evropskih zajednica, tj. acquis communautaire i pre momenta zvaničnog stupanja u članstvo. Drugim rečima, proces usklađivanja zapravo predstavlja proces primene acquis communautaire i pre stupanja u članstvo EU. Država koja pristupa EU mora pokazati da je sposobna da primenjuje acquis communautaire kako bi postala članica EU. To se mora dokazati u toku procesa pristupanja, dakle pre momenta samog stupanja u članstvo. Govoreći de iure, do momenta stupanja u članstvo Evropske unije, država primenjuje nacionalno zakonodavstvo, dok acquis communautaire za nju predstavlja strano pravo, dok de facto putem usklađivanja sa acquis communautaire država primenjuje to pravo, ali kroz formu nacionalnih propisa koji su prethodno usklađeni sa acquis communautaire. Cilj disertacije je da pokaže da je ispravna primena acquis communautaire u pravnom poretku države koja pristupa Evropskoj uniji zapravo uslov za članstvo, a ne posledica učlanj
Trenutna rasprava na liniji Europska unija - Međunarodni kazneni sud u Haagu, seže u temelje hrvatskog društva te njegovih problema i odnosa sa Zapadom. Hrvatsko vodstvo trebalo je očekivati odluku ...ministara vanjskih poslova EU o odgodi započinjanja pristupnih pregovora. Međutim, očekivanja su bila velika u smislu da će EU još jednom "zažmiriti" i prihvatiti hrvatska "objašnjenja" i "isprike", ovisno o strani gledanja. Ta činjenica predstavlja vrlo osjetljivo pitanje unutrašnje politike, koje traži objašnjenje na nekoliko razina.
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