In this article, a theoretically derived grid is presented combining Pólya’s phases of the problem-solving process with the way in which teachers emphasize their students’ strategic diversity in ...problem solving. It is used to categorize previous results from the literature. In an empirical part, the grid is also used to describe mathematics teachers’ behaviors in lessons on the topic of problem solving. Additionally, these teachers’ beliefs regarding mathematics and problem solving have been obtained with interviews. Comparisons of the teachers’ behavior and their beliefs reveal the importance of beliefs in the context of teaching for problem solving.
Abstract
Symbol sense is a sensibility or mastery of someone against the use of symbols and an understanding of the situation when symbols can be used. This study attempts to describe the extent to ...which the use of symbol sense students STKIP Muhammadiyah Sampit to solve the algebra problem based on the steps of Polya’s problem-solving. The results showed that understanding the problem step of students in the first semester was still less able to relate the symbol to the problem that given, and the students still used words instead of symbols in understanding the problem. Then the third-semester students have fulfilled all the indicators of symbol sense. Furthermore, fifth-semester students are less precise in writing symbols according to their meaning in the problem. Steps of planning the problem solving all students can use the symbol sense properly. Then in the step of implementing the problem-solving plan, students in the third and fifth semesters can fulfill all the indicators symbol sense to the maximum. However, first semester students bring up or make some new symbols to solve problems. Steps of looking back at the problem solving has been obtained, all students meet all the symbol indicators well. So, the first semester students are still lacking in using their symbol sense in solving algebra problems.
•For low-complexity tasks, consumers considered the problem-solving ability of AI to be greater than that of human customer service and were more likely to use AI.•For high-complexity tasks, ...consumers viewed human customer service as superior and were more likely to use it than AI.•Perceived problem-solving ability mediated the effects of customers’ service usage intentions (AI or Human service) with task complexity serving as a boundary condition.•We provide a definition of artificial intelligence (AI) in a customer service context.
Artificial intelligence (AI) in the context of customer service, we define as a technology-enabled system for evaluating real-time service scenarios using data collected from digital and/or physical sources in order to provide personalised recommendations, alternatives, and solutions to customers’ enquiries or problems, even very complex ones. We examined, in a banking services context, whether consumers preferred AI or Human online customer service applications using an experimental design across three field-based experiments. The results show that, in the case of low-complexity tasks, consumers considered the problem-solving ability of AI to be greater than that of human customer service and were more likely to use AI while, conversely, for high-complexity tasks, they viewed human customer service as superior and were more likely to use it than AI. Moreover, we found that perceived problem-solving ability mediated the effects of customers’ service usage intentions (i.e., their preference for AI vs. Human) with task complexity serving as a boundary condition. Here we discuss our research and the results and conclude by offering practical suggestions for banks seeking to reach customers and engage with them more effectively by leveraging the distinctive features of AI customer service.
在客户服务的情境中, 我们将人工智能定义为一种技术支持的系统, 用于评估实时服务场景, 使用从数字和/或物理来源收集的数据, 以便为客户的查询或问题 (甚至是非常复杂的问题) 提供个性化的建议,替代方案和解决方案.我们通过三个基于实地调研的实验, 研究了在银行服务环境中, 消费者是否更喜欢人工智能或人类客户服务应用程序.结果表明, 在低复杂性任务中, 消费者认为人工智能的解决问题能力大于人类客服, 更倾向于使用人工智能;反之, 在高复杂性任务中, 消费者认为人类客服更优越, 相较于人工智能更倾向于使用人类客服.我们发现, 消费者感知到的问题解决能力介导了客户服务使用意图的影响 (即, 他们对人工智能和人类的偏好) , 且任务复杂性作为边界条件.通过这篇文章, 我们讨论了我们的研究和成果, 并为银行寻求接触客户并与他们更有效地利用特色的人工智能客户服务提供了有效的建议.
Background
Engineering students inconsistently apply equilibrium when solving problems in statics, but few studies have explored why. Visual cognition studies suggest that features of the visual ...representations we use to teach students influence what domain knowledge they use to solve problems. However, few studies have explored how visual representations influence what problem‐solving strategies and domain knowledge students of different levels of expertise use when solving problems that require them to create and coordinate multiple representations.
Purpose/Hypothesis
This study addressed the following research question: How do students with different levels of expertise coordinate their problem‐solving strategies, problem‐solving heuristics, and representation features when sketching their shear force and bending moment diagrams?
Design/Method
We conducted think‐aloud interviews while students sketched shear force and bending moment diagrams. These interviews were subsequently analyzed using the constant comparative method to examine the effect of representations on students' problem‐solving approaches.
Results
Three themes emerged from the data: Students used heuristics that are based on perceptually salient features to sketch their shear force and bending moment diagrams; students across levels of expertise rely on the object translation heuristic rather than equilibrium problem‐solving schema to sketch and reason through their shear force and bending moment diagrams, and domain knowledge aids students' ability to resolve conflicting heuristics. Our findings suggest that students primarily rely on heuristics triggered by representation features they notice.
Conclusions
Students engaged with shear force and bending moment diagrams not as a way to describe systems that are not accelerating but as a series of representations that “should go to zero” or arrows that make things “not zero.”
This article presents principles and practical guidelines for how managers can succeed in growing the intelligence of their organizations by harnessing the complementary strengths of humans and ...artificial intelligence (AI). Organizational intelligence is the ability of collectives of intelligent human and digital actors to solve problems and adapt. Six principles for human-AI collaboration in organizations are explored—addition, relevance, substitution, diversity, collaboration, and explanation—and how they play out in leading organizations is discussed. Finally, practical guidelines are outlined for how leaders can enable their organizations to successfully make the change.
The Future Problem Solving Program International (FPSPI) is an internationally applied educational program that involves young people. Its theoretical foundation is both the Creative Problem Solving ...Model and the Futurist Thinking. It aims to promote creative and critical thinking through a futurist approach to problems. This study intended to analyze the effects of the program on creative skills evaluated by the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (Figural Version). The participants’ perceptions of the efficacy of the program were also assessed. This intervention was carried out with 131 adolescents over a period of 7 months in an extra‐curricular context. The evaluation of the program takes into account periods both before and after interventions, using similar experimental and control groups. The results showed significant statistical differences for the all skills studied and very positive perceptions of the efficacy of FPSPI. Two significant gender differences in creative performance were also found. The results are described and discussed in order to promote awareness for future research concerning this program.
The study presents an analysis of Polya's problem-solving strategy used in the training processes of quantitative reasoning competence in students of the Universidad Simón Bolívar, San José de ...Cúcuta, Colombia. The research was based on a descriptive design and had an intentional sample of 58 students who were studying the sciences and general competencies elective. For the collection of information, a diagnostic test (pre-test) and a final test (post-test) were applied, in order to check the incidence of the applied strategy. The results showed a significant improvement in the final results obtained by the students in each of the processes formed: interpretation, representation and modeling, and argumentation.
According to the socioemotional selectivity theory (SST; Carstensen, 2006), older adults perceive their future time as increasingly limited, which motivates them to focus more on emotional goals and ...prefer passive emotion‐focused strategies. This study aims to investigate the effect of occupational future time perspective (OFTP) on the use of problem‐solving strategies in stressful work situations and to examine the effectiveness of these strategies on psychological well‐being. A sample of 199 Chinese clerical workers responded to a structured questionnaire on problem‐solving strategy use in relation to hypothetical work scenarios. Results revealed that relative to those with limited OFTP, workers with expansive OFTP preferred problem‐focused and proactive strategies in both low‐ and high‐emotionally salient scenarios. Workers with limited OFTP consistently preferred passive strategies irrespective of emotional salience. OFTP moderated the effect of problem‐focused strategies on psychological distress. In particular, there was a significant negative relationship between problem‐focused strategies and psychological distress among workers with expansive OFTP, but such pattern of relationship was not observed among workers with limited OFTP. Findings of this study inform the training strategies employed by practitioners to fit the developmental goals of workers in order to maximise their strengths at work.
Problem‐solving strategies, defined as actions people select intentionally to achieve desired objectives, are distinguished from skills that are implemented unintentionally. In education, ...strategy‐oriented instructions that guide students to form problem‐solving strategies are found to be more effective for low‐achieving students than the skill‐oriented instructions designed for enhancing their skill implementation ability. Although the existing longitudinal cognitive diagnosis models (CDMs) can model the change in students' dynamic skill mastery status over time, they are not designed to model the shift in students' problem‐solving strategies. This study proposes a longitudinal CDM that considers both between‐person multiple strategies and within‐person strategy shift. The model, separating the strategy choice process from the skill implementation process, is intended to provide diagnostic information on strategy choice as well as skill mastery status. A simulation study is conducted to evaluate the parameter recovery of the proposed model and investigate the consequences of ignoring the presence of multiple strategies or strategy shift. Further, an empirical data analysis is conducted to illustrate the use of the proposed model to measure strategy shift, growth in skill implementation ability and skill mastery status.
PDF
