This article has as its central theme, "The Peasantry as a way of life: Analysis of peasant production in the Povoado Serrote Grande, Craíbas/AL". In this sense, it presents how the way of life of ...the peasants residing in the community and the relations of production are constructed. It presents the structural elements that mark the existence of the peasantry, as well as the discussion related to the subordination of this way of life to capital. The objectives are based on the analysis of how peasant production, the organization of geographic space and the production relations established in Serrote Grande village, taking into account the peasant way of life in the community. The research was carried out from the bibliographical survey on the proposed theme, technical exploratory field visit and the construction of an iconographic collection. Therefore, practical and theoretical procedures were used in order to obtain data for the basis of the research presented here.
How does agroecology influence household food security? While previous studies have found that adopting agroecological practices can have a positive effect on smallholder household food security, ...there is limited understanding of
how
this transition occurs. This mixed-methods study draws on data from an ongoing agroecology project in Malawi to engage with debates about if and how an agricultural paradigm shift can contribute to smallholder food security. Researchers interviewed 60 farmer participants of an agroecology intervention to examine the mechanisms by which recent adoption of crop diversification and soil management practices had altered household access to a stable, adequate and diverse diet. Results from mixed-effects regression analysis of a case-controlled panel survey (
n
= 537) corroborated respondents’ reports that participating in agroecological trainings and farmer discussion groups had increased food security. Interviews indicated that, consistent with food security pathways literature, farmers were using direct-consumption and agricultural income pathways to improve food security. Furthermore, respondents were following food security pathways based on altering their production relations so as to regain control over their farming inputs, namely seed, fertilizer, land, and labor. In addition, we found that the agroecological approaches reinforced and widened existing social support practices such as food and seed sharing, fundamental to long-term community food security. The results presented in this paper provide evidence of the effectiveness of multifaceted participatory agroecological interventions to support transitions to food security based on environmentally sustainable farming practices.
This paper develops a novel empirical framework for estimating individual emission levels in a nonpoint source (NPS) pollution problem. For doing so, we build upon the sequential GME model suggested ...by Kaplan et al. using a specific theoretical structure describing both crop production technology and nature's residual generating mechanism in line with the multiple production relations model suggested by Murty et al. Our empirical model is fitted into a parametric stochastic framework and it is applied to a nitrogen leaching problem in a sample of 257 small‐scale greenhouse farms in Crete, Greece during the 2005–2006 cropping period. Empirical results indicate a great dispersion of individual nitrate leaching levels, which are associated with low‐ and high‐profit margins. Improvements in nitrate leaching and fertilizer application efficiency can decrease significantly individual leaching levels providing a more cost effective way to improve water quality in the area.
In the present study, it is intended to relate the general assumptions of the works of Niklas Luhmann and Karl Marx, to describe their logic of explaining the way in which social action is ordered to ...analyze their view of the role of right in social reality. The fundamental points of the Luhmannian and Marxian views on the legal phenomenon are analyzed in order to make explicit their possible contributions to the theory of law. Although the epistemological foundations of the theories are diverse, both Luhmann and Marx present objectivist views about the juridical phenomenon, which derive from the many different forms of analysis of social organization proposed by the authors. Both theoretical constructions emphasize the contextual nature of meaning, as opposed to prevailing conceptions within the scope of the theory of law, which usually assign a certain universalist character to the juridical phenomenon.
Currently, Chinese villages are grappling with the issue of regional value collapse within the long-standing ‘urban-rural dual system’ strategy. Characteristic villages, as integral components of the ...urban–rural hierarchical spatial system and pivotal agents in rural development, wield significant influence in addressing China’s rural crises. The construction practice of characteristic villages showcases the cognitive evolution of ‘element-industry-function-type’. Within the value perception of characteristic villages, these practices reflect fundamental orientations in the interaction between humans and land, emphasizing the symbiotic relationship between production, life, and ecology. In alignment with this value perception, and drawing upon the existing studies on the classification of characteristic village types in Jixi County, this paper establishes a comprehensive type knowledge graph of characteristic villages. The framework of this graph’s expression revolves around ‘spatial elements-spatial combination-spatial organization’. This graph delineates a knowledge progression encompassing ‘information-knowledge-strategy’, characterized by three levels: the factual knowledge graph, conceptual knowledge graph and regular knowledge graph. The type knowledge graph systematically accumulates insights derived from the spatiotemporal transmission path of the village spatial structure. It formulates a structured progression of knowledge as follows: cognition of the village entity information → analysis of the village landscape structure → examination of the village social relationships. This constructed graph translates type-data information into spatial strategy knowledge, serving as a pivotal process in amalgamating characteristic village spatial data with semantic networks, particularly in expressing authenticity inspection and gene transfer.
This article addresses the dynamics between three interrelated questions of agrarian transition in Punjab. The first concerns the role and nature of the state and the market mechanism for the ...transformation of traditional agriculture into its capitalist counterpart, by the development of the productive forces and changes in production structure. The second dwells on the impact of the state-driven capitalism on the production structure of agriculture and its contradictions. The third deals with the process of class formation and the precise nature of emerging classes in rural Punjab.
The establishment of the digital economy leads to significant changes in the relations in the sphere of material and immaterial production. A significant spatial differentiation, caused by the ...features of the implemented technological solutions, is observed in the field of digital services. This differentiation greatly impacts the material production’s development. A growing need to use the digital information technologies is transforming the basis of economic development. We hypothesise that the efficiency of production relations is determined not only by known factors, but alsoby the spatial features of the digital economy’s establishment. The study aims to identify the main characteristics, specific features and trends of production relations in the digital economy in the Russian Federation. For various purposes, we used different research methods. Firstly, we applied retrospective analysis for identifying trends in the development of production relations. Secondly, we conducted cluster and factor analysis for classifying the entities of the Russian Federation in accordance with the level of the digital economy’s development. Thirdly, we used quantitative and comparative assessments for analysing the efficiency of production relations’ formation in the entities of the Russian Federation in the context of the digital economy. The empirical basis was data from the Federal State Statistics Service and various rating and analytical agencies, which characterise the development of the digital economy. In the study, we determined the features of the organisation of production relations in the context of the digital economy’s establishment. Information production is the most dynamically developing sphere of the Russian economic activity. At the same time, the growth rate of the market of the digital services’ producers exceeds the growth rates of the markets of consumers and digital services intermediaries in the Russian regions. We revealed that information production mostly concentrates in a limited number of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, including Moscow and the Moscow Region, St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region. In this regard, it is necessary to establish an information and economic space in the entities of the Russian Federation to provide enterprises with access to digital products, services, and efficient development in the digital economy. Significant spatial differentiation in the level of the digital economy’s development in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation (in the context of the market of intermediaries and consumers) greatly impacts production development. Additionally, it determines the existence of spatial imbalances in the development of the digital economy. The centres for the development of information production are significantly removed from the centres of industrial and agricultural production. Moreover, a large part of the population lives in entities with an average or low level of development of the digital economy. Information production was originally formed as an infrastructure sector of the economy in general and the sphere of material production in particular. Today it is becoming a separate significant element of the economy, while simultaneously performing infrastructure functions. The results of the study allow objective assessments of the features and trends of the formation of production relations in the context of the digital economy in the Russian Federation. The obtained conclusions can be used in the development and implementation of spatial development strategies of the Russian Federation in the context of the digital economy. In addition, the findings can be used by specialists and experts in conducting their own research.
While the idea of the failed state can be easily contested as a Western conceit, understanding the symptoms typically claimed as indicating the condition is an important part of addressing it. A ...common argument has been that failure is a result of conditions internal to the country in question. This, though, is to ignore the way in which, in various ways, colonialism, and latterly a particular position in the international division of labor, have paved the way. In sub-Saharan African colonialism has been the more fundamental of the two. This is because of its failure to change production relations in a way that would encourage capitalist forms of development. A result has been the neo-patrimonial state which, in the context of dominantly pre-capitalist production relations, will necessarily struggle to achieve the standards held in the West to be successful.
The article deals with the logical and theoretical structure of K. Marx’s «Capital». In the «Theories of Surplus Value», there is the ascent from the concrete to the abstract in the history of ...economic thought. This ascent allowed to define the goods as a starting point for the political economy of the capitalist mode of production. But there is no direct way to the economic theory of Marx, whose subject is not the products labour activity, but the material production relations arising during these activities. While researching the goods, Marx uses the «power of abstraction», which allows separating «economic matter» from the «naturally tangible» material basis: use value, concrete labour, etc. An integral system of economic categories is based on the synthesis of natural historical thinking phenomena discovered by Aristotle; Hegel’s understanding of purposive activity; specific goals of social production, which are realized in property relations. K. Marx introduces into scientific knowledge the notion of economic progress as a change of social formations. He considers the significance of different models of the division of labour for determining the concept of value. In A. Smith’s model, the value is determined a posteriori, after market evaluation of the products or services produced. A unit of measurement is not working time in itself, but economic information on the effectiveness of its use, i.e. money. In the model of K. Marx, the value is determined a priori, in the form of labour costs in the physiological sense. Given a choice, the labour expended receives a marginal evaluation in the form of alternative costs (loss of profits). The meaning of the «absolute, universal law of capitalist accumulation» is identified as a causa finalis, which determines the value of the commodity labour, variable capital, surplus value. I conclude that the development of the dialectics of the topic and the focus of an economic study allows using the method of rational eclecticism if the corresponding material is subject to a subsequent dialectical-materialistic interpretation.
The article deals with the logical and theoretical structure of K. Marx’s «Capital». In the «Theories of Surplus Value», there is the ascent from the concrete to the abstract in the history of ...economic thought. This ascent allowed to define the goods as a starting point for the political economy of the capitalist mode of production. But there is no direct way to the economic theory of Marx, whose subject is not the products labour activity, but the material production relations arising during these activities. While researching the goods, Marx uses the «power of abstraction», which allows separating «economic matter» from the «naturally tangible» material basis: use value, concrete labour, etc. An integral system of economic categories is based on the synthesis of natural historical thinking phenomena discovered by Aristotle; Hegel’s understanding of purposive activity; specific goals of social production, which are realized in property relations. K. Marx introduces into scientific knowledge the notion of economic progress as a change of social formations. He considers the significance of different models of the division of labour for determining the concept of value. In A. Smith’s model, the value is determined a posteriori, after market evaluation of the products or services produced. A unit of measurement is not working time in itself, but economic information on the effectiveness of its use, i.e. money. In the model of K. Marx, the value is determined a priori, in the form of labour costs in the physiological sense. Given a choice, the labour expended receives a marginal evaluation in the form of alternative costs (loss of profits). The meaning of the «absolute, universal law of capitalist accumulation» is identified as a causa finalis, which determines the value of the commodity labour, variable capital, surplus value. I conclude that the development of the dialectics of the topic and the focus of an economic study allows using the method of rational eclecticism if the corresponding material is subject to a subsequent dialectical-materialistic interpretation.
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