Humans were created by Allah SWT has one purpose, worship to Allah, not associate with Allah, and not commit immorality. Therefore, we need a source of guidance in carrying out our daily ...activities, namely the Al-Qur’an and Al-Sunnah. Learning activities are one of human’s daily activities that are crucial according to religion because by gaining knowledge through the learning process, it will be able to lead a human life in a better direction and to know right and wrong. During this pandemic, learning activities changed drastically, from offline to online. This change makes the writer interested in reviewing the verses of the Qur’an to examine it in terms of learning media and productivity when doing online activities. The author conducts a search for asbabun nuzulverses and an explanation of verses related to this, to ensure that the implementation of Distance Learning is correct according to the Qur’an so that learning benefits are maintained.
Анализ оболочки данных (DEA) – это относительно новая методика измерения технической эффективности. Если сформулировать техническую эффективность определенного объекта (Decision Making Unit – DMU), ...как coотношение произведенных товаров и услуг (output) к использованным ресурсам (input), то возникает вопрос, как можно сравнить между собой различные производственные объекты (DMU) относительно их эффективности. Особенно трудно это сравнение для тех объектов или же DMU, для которых не существует рыночных цен и которые представленны в различных единицах и в различных шкалах, что ведет к невозможности аггрегации ни издержек ни конечной продукции. Это особенно важно для анализа предприятий в процессе трансформации в новые экономические условия. DEA – это метод, базирующийся на линейном программировании для определения относительной эффективности посредством различных, реализованных предприятием, продуктов. В этом выпуске Disscusion Paper представлены для русско-язычного читателя основные принципы DEA, а также несколько ee дальнейших разработок. E N G L I S H V E R S I O N: The Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is a relatively new method to measure Technical Efficiency (TE). TE of a Decision Making Unit (DMU) is defined as a ratio of the produced goods and services (Outputs) to the used resources (Inputs). Efficiency comparison become more complicated when market values of the Inputs and Outputs are not available and the figures are expressed in the different measurement units. So, aggregation of the figures into cost or revenue groups become impossible. Such efficiency analysis is especially important for the enterprises in the transformation process. In DEA the Linear Programming (LP) is used to determine relative efficiency of the analysed enterprises. The basic principles of the DEA are introduced in this Disscusion Paper for the Russian-language reader as well as some further developments are pursued.
The Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is a relatively new method to measure Technical Efficiency(TE). TE of a Decision Making Unit (DMU) is defined as a ratio of the producedgoods and services ...(Outputs) to the used resources (Inputs). Efficiency comparison becomemore complicated when market values of the Inputs and Outputs are not available and the figuresare expressed in the different measurement units. So, aggregation of the figures into costor revenue groups become impossible. Such efficiency analysis is especially important for theenterprises in the transformation process. In DEA the Linear Programming (LP) is used to determinerelative efficiency of the analysed enterprises. The basic principles of the DEA areintroduced in this Discussion Paper for the Russian-language reader as well as some furtherdevelopments are pursued.
The Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is a relatively new method to measure Technical Efficiency
(TE). TE of a Decision Making Unit (DMU) is defined as a ratio of the produced
goods and services ...(Outputs) to the used resources (Inputs). Efficiency comparison become
more complicated when market values of the Inputs and Outputs are not available and the figures
are expressed in the different measurement units. So, aggregation of the figures into cost
or revenue groups become impossible. Such efficiency analysis is especially important for the
enterprises in the transformation process. In DEA the Linear Programming (LP) is used to determine
relative efficiency of the analysed enterprises. The basic principles of the DEA are
introduced in this Discussion Paper for the Russian-language reader as well as some further
developments are pursued.
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