In this study, different concentrations of natural inulin (IN) are compounded with potato starch (PoS) to prepare an inulin‐potato starch (PoS‐IN) compound system, and the physical and chemical ...properties of the compound system such as pasting, rheology, and digestion are investigated. According to the findings, the complex system's viscosity, breakdown, and setback are greatly reduced. The addition of IN also prevents the complex system from being pasted and increases the stability of the PoS. The gel structure of the PoS‐IN complex gradually changes from solid‐like to liquid‐like. In addition, the in vitro digestion test results show that the content of resistant starch in the complex system increases with the increase in IN concentration. This study can provide guidance for the development and application of IN‐starch‐based food products, which can increase the nutritional value of traditional PoS‐based food products.
This work aims to evaluate the influences of various addition proportions of inulin (IN) on the thermal properties, pasting, rheology, and digestion of potato starch (PoS).
The emergence of New Institutional Economics toward the end of the twentieth century profoundly changed our ideas about the organization of economic systems and their social and political ...foundations. Imperfect Institutions explores recent developments in this field and pushes the discussion forward by allowing for incomplete knowledge of social systems and unexpected system dynamics and, above all, by focusing explicitly on institutional policy. Empirical studies extending from Africa to Iceland are cited in support of the theoretical argument. In Imperfect Institutions Thráinn Eggertsson extends his attempt to integrate and develop the new field that began with his acclaimed Economic Behavior and Institutions (1990), which has been translated into six languages. This latest work analyzes why institutions that create relative economic backwardness emerge and persist and considers the possibilities and limits of institutional reform.
Private law deals with the interactions of persons in society. If we think about all the effects produced by the relation between each pair of persons and then unlimited chains of such interactions - ...A sells Blackacre to B, who sells to C, who mortgages to D and rents to E, and so on - then prescribing results for such interactions is a potentially intractable problem. Private law would be an impossible enterprise. This is where property comes in.
The impact of para‐ and meta‐aromatic amide repeat units on the microstructure, thermal behavior, mechanical properties, rheological characteristics, and dielectric properties of thermotropic liquid ...crystalline poly(ester amide)s (TPEAs) is reported. For this purpose, two distinct series of TPEAs are synthesized using 75.0 mol% of 4‐hydroxybenzoic acid (HBA) and 25.0–17.5 mol% of 6‐hydroxy‐2‐naphtoic acid (HNA) with 0.0–7.5 mol% terephthalic acid/para‐acetylaminophenol (TPA/PAP) or isophthalic acid/para‐acetylaminophenol (IPA/PAP) are synthesized via bulk polycondensation reaction. Infrared and electron microscopic data reveal the existence of intermolecular hydrogen bonds and associated fibrillar structures of TPEAs with TPA/PAP‐ or IPA/PAP‐based aromatic amide units. Accordingly, the glass transition temperatures, dynamic storage moduli, and melt viscosities of TPEAs increased with the increment of the aromatic amide units, although they are higher for TPEAs with IPA/PAP‐derived units, compared to TPEAs with TPA/PAP‐derived units. The melting temperatures of TPEAs increase with the para‐aromatic amide unit owing to the intermolecular hydrogen bonding and the rigid linearity, whereas the melting points decrease with the meta‐aromatic amide unit due to the structural nonlinearity. Interestingly, the dielectric constants and losses of TPEAs decrease with the aromatic amide unit content, which is even dominant for TPEAs with IPA/PAP‐based repeat units. TPEAs can be thus utilized as super‐engineering plastics, industrial fibers, printed circuit board materials, etc., requiring enhanced mechanical and thermal transition properties but lower dielectric constants and losses.
The impacts of para‐ and meta‐aromatic amide repeat units on the microstructure, thermal behavior, mechanical properties, rheological characteristics, and dielectric properties of thermotropic liquid crystalline poly(ester amide)s are investigated.
When property rights and environmental legislation clash, what side should the Rule of Law weigh in on? It is from this point that Jeremy Waldron explores the Rule of Law both from an historical ...perspective - considering the property theory of John Locke - and from the perspective of modern legal controversies. This critical and direct account of the relation between the Rule of Law and the protection of private property criticizes the view - associated with the 'World Bank model' of investor expectations - that a society which fails to protect property rights against legislative restriction is failing to support the Rule of Law. In this book, developed from the 2011 Hamlyn Lectures, Waldron rejects the idea that the Rule of Law privileges property rights over other forms of law and argues instead that the Rule of Law should endorse and applaud the use of legislation to achieve valid social objectives.
"In the last 200 years, the earth has increasingly become the private property of a few classes, races, transnational corporations, and nations. Repeated claims about the "tragedy of the commons" and ...the "crisis of capitalism" have done little to explain this concentration of land, encourage solution-building to solve resource depletion and, and address our current socio-ecological crisis. Presenting a new explanation, vision and action plan, The Commons in an Age of Uncertainty develops a new and hopeful theory centred on commoning the land. By commoning the land, rather than privatising it, the book develops the foundations for prosperity without destructive growth, and addresses both local and global challenges. A theory and vision of making the land the most fundamental priority of all commons does not only give hope, it also opens the doors to a new world in which economy, environment, and society are decolonised and liberated."--
Conductive polymers (CPs) are promising organic semiconductors for many essential applications because of their tunable physical/chemical properties, mechanical flexibility, low weight, reversible ...doping, good biocompatibility, and scalable production. However, CPs have not achieved their expected application potential in conventional processing methods. Electrospinning is a simple and highly versatile technique that can be used for mass fabrication of continuous ultrafine fibers from various polymers and composites. Electrospun fibers have many advantages, including uniformity, porosity, large surface areas, and mechanical strength, which present new application areas of CPs, and solve a number of problems related to the applicability of the polymers. However, as CPs are soluble and brittle, electrospinning requires a specific strategy. Different approaches, including direct electrospinning of CPs into fibers, co-electrospinning of blends of CPs and other spinnable carrier polymers, and synthesizing of electrospun fiber-template, have been developed to solve this problem. In this review, the recent achievements of fabricating CP-based ultrafine fibers using an electrospinning process are summarized, along with the characterization of their physical–chemical properties, such as electrical conductivity, wettability, and mechanical and thermal properties, which are further improved by modification. More emphasis is placed on the potential applications of electrospun CP ultrafine fibers in bio-/chemical sensors, artificial muscles, neural electrodes/interfaces, tissue regeneration, controlled drug release, flexible/stretchable electronic devices, energy storage, and electromagnetic interference shielding materials. Furthermore, the current challenges and future opportunities are also addressed.
► This paper compares the roles of patent rights and utility model laws in the economic growth of countries at different levels of development. ► Variations in patent rights explain the innovation ...and economic growth of high-income economies, while variations in utility model laws explain those of middle-to-low income economies, controlling for other factors. ► Utility model innovations contribute to firm growth and innovation when firms are technologically lagging; otherwise, they contribute insignificantly when firms are technologically more advanced.
This paper examines how the role of patents and utility models in innovation and economic growth varies by level of economic development. Using a panel dataset of over 70 countries, we find that patent protection is an important determinant of innovation and that patentable innovations contribute to economic growth in developed countries, but not in developing. Instead, in developing economies, a minor form of intellectual property rights (IPRs) – namely utility models – is conducive to innovation and growth, controlling for other factors. Using Korean firm level data as a case study, we find that utility model innovations contribute to firm performance when firms are technologically lagging and that those minor innovations can be a learning device and thus a stepping stone for developing more patentable inventions later on. Upon reaching higher levels of technological capabilities, firms become more reliant upon patents and less on utility models. Thus the lesson here is that patent protection enhances innovation and economic growth in countries where the capacity to conduct innovative research exists. Where this capacity is weaker, a system that provides incentives to conduct minor, incremental inventions is more conducive to growth. The significance of this paper is to emphasize the importance not just of the strength of IPRs but of the appropriate type of IPRs for economic development.
In this paper, we argue that those firms with higher levels of absorptive capacity can manage external knowledge flows more efficiently, and stimulate innovative outcomes. We test this contention ...with a sample of 2265 Spanish firms, drawn from the Community Innovation Surveys (CIS) for 2000 and 2002, produced by the Spanish National Statistics Institute (INE). We find that absorptive capacity is indeed an important source of competitive advantage, especially in sectors characterized by turbulent knowledge and strong intellectual property rights protection. The implications for management practice and policy are also discussed.
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