What threatens the property rights of business owners? And what makes these rights secure? This book transcends the conventional diagnosis of the issue in modern developing countries by moving beyond ...expropriation by the state ruler or by petty bureaucratic corruption. It identifies 'agent predation' as a novel threat type, showing it to be particularly widespread and detrimental. The book also questions the orthodox prescription: institutionalized state commitment cannot secure property rights against agent predation. Instead, this volume argues that business actors can hold the predatory state agents accountable through firm-level alliances with foreign actors, labor, and local communities. Beyond securing ownership, such alliances promote rule of law in a rent-seeking society. Taking Russia and Ukraine between 2000 and 2012 as its empirical focus, the book advances these arguments by drawing on more than 150 qualitative interviews with business owners, policy makers, and bureaucrats, as well as an original large-N survey of firms.
Women, Property, and the Letters of the Law in Early Modern Englandexamines the competing narratives of property told by and about women in the early modern period. Through letters, legal treatises, ...case law, wills, and works of literature, the contributors explore women's complex roles as subjects and agents in commercial and domestic economies, and as objects shaped by a network of social and legal relationships. By constructing conversations across the disciplinary boundaries of legal and social history, sociology and literary criticism, the collection explores a diverse range of women's property relationships.
Recent research has revealed fissures in our knowledge about women's property relationships within a regime characterized by competing jurisdictions, diverse systems of tenure, and multiple concepts of property.Women, Property, and the Letters of the Law in Early Modern Englandturns to these points of departure for the study of women's legal status and property relationships in the early modern period. This interdisciplinary analysis of women and property is written in an accessible manner and will become a valuable resource for scholars and students of Renaissance, Restoration and eighteenth-century literature, early modern social and legal history, and women's studies.
Owning Ideas is a comprehensive account of the emergence of the concept of intellectual property in the United States during the long nineteenth century. In the modern information era, intellectual ...property has become a central economic and cultural phenomenon and an important lever for allocating wealth and power. This book uncovers the intellectual origins of this modern concept of private property in ideas through a close study of its emergence within the two most important areas of this field: patent and copyright. By placing the development of legal concepts within their social context, this study reconstructs the radical transformation of the idea. Our modern notion of owning ideas, it argues, came into being when the ideals of eighteenth-century possessive individualism at the heart of early patent and copyright were subjected to the forces and ideology of late-nineteenth-century corporate liberalism.
iiiThis book compares our contemporary preoccupation with ownership and consumption with the role of property and possessions in the biblical world, contending that Christian theology provides a ...valuable entry point to discussing the issue of private property—a neoliberal tool with the capacity to shape the world in which we live by exercising control over the planet’s resources.
Babie and Trainor draw on the teaching on property and possessions of Jesus of Nazareth. They demonstrate how subsequent members of the Jesus movement—the writers of early collection of Jesus sayings (called ‘Q’), and the gospels of Mark and Luke—reformulated Jesus’ teaching for different contexts that was radical and challenging for their own day. Their view of wealth and possessions continues today to be as relevant as ever. By placing the insights of the Galilean Jesus and the early Jesus movement into conversation with contemporary views on private property and consumer culture, the authors develop legal, philosophical and theological insights, what they describe as ‘seven theses’, into how our desire for ethical living fares in the neoliberal marketplace.
•Survey of appropriability strategies of innovators on a digital platform. Specifically, apps developers on the Apple App Store.•Formal protections (Patents, Copyrights and Trademarks) infrequently ...used relative to informal protections (Lead Time and Versioning).•Larger firms use a combination of formal and informal protections, while smaller firms predominantly rely on informal protections.•The overwhelming majority of developers are smaller firms, but most want to protect their innovations and capture monetary profits.
Innovators and entrepreneurs developing products and competing “on top” of digital platforms face different conditions than do those in more traditional industries. In this paper, we explore how this affects appropriability strategies in novel data on mobile app developers’ appropriability strategies. We find that the many smallest developers in the “long tail”— the vast majority of all developers – do in fact take actions to capture value and to protect their intellectual property, but do so only through informal mechanisms. By contrast, larger developers exploit a combination of both informal mechanisms and formal intellectual property rights, using copyright, patents, and trademarks. Several strategies particular to digital platforms are also documented. We link this pattern of different strategies pursued by different competitor types to the structural features of digital competition.
Nanosized strontium hexaferrite doped with a binary mixture of Al–Cr at the iron site is synthesized by the chemical co-precipitation method. The hexagonal phase and the nominal composition of the ...synthesized nanomaterials are confirmed by X-ray diffraction and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence analyses. The crystallite size is found in the range of 14–30
nm, which is small enough to obtain a suitable signal-to-noise ratio in high density recording media. The average grain size of the material is found in the range of 40–85
nm as determined by scanning electron microscopy. The magnetic properties, such as saturation magnetization, remanence and coercivity, are calculated from hysteresis loop measurement, and the value of the magnetic moment is also calculated from the saturation magnetization data. All the magnetic properties are found to decrease with the increase in Al–Cr content, which is due to the occupation of the doped cations at the octahedral sites (12k and 2a) having spin of electrons in upward direction. The variation in the dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor with frequency is discussed on the basis of Wagner and Koop’s theory. It is found that the dielectric constant decreases with the increase in Al–Cr content, which suggests that the doped nanomaterials are suitable for applications in microwave devices.
In The Global Regime for the Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights, Xavier Seuba offers a comprehensive description of the international norms and bodies dealing with the enforcement of ...intellectual property rights. The book analyzes multilateral, plurilateral, and bilateral treaties, and their national implementation, along with civil, border, and criminal enforcement. The book also explores the interface between the enforcement of intellectual property rights and the norms regulating international trade, competition, and human rights, as well as the conceptual and systemic aspects of enforcement, while illustrating the importance of these rights with examples in litigation. The book should be read by anyone interested in how intellectual property rights are being enforced around the world, and how these efforts relate to other legal regimes.
The push towards research commercialisation at universities has highlighted the importance of intellectual property (IP) policies in fostering innovation and guiding and managing research ...commercialisation activities. This paper undertakes a content analysis of intellectual property policies of all (37) Australian public universities, focusing on policy objectives, definition of IP, ownership of IP created by different creators, and distribution of net commercialisation revenues. It is found that all universities assert ownership over staff-created IP, particularly when related to employment or utilisation of university resources. For students, policies tend to balance their rights with university interests, with nuanced approaches for different types of student participation, but the focus of most policies was on postgraduate students engaging in research activities. While some policies had clear arrangements for IP created by visitors and affiliates and Indigenous cultural and intellectual property (ICIP), about a quarter of policies did not specify arrangements for these groups. Revenue sharing arrangements vary but generally award something between a third to a half of net revenue to creators, to both acknowledge their contribution and incentivise further innovation. Policies included a broad spectrum of objectives, from protecting and commercialising IP to fostering innovation and societal benefit, reflecting varying strategies across the higher education sector. Policies could benefit from further clarity in certain areas such as the rights of students or other creator groups. Research is needed to assess the effectiveness of these policies and their influence on innovation and commercialisation activities.
Proteins from different sources serve as primary food components, while polyphenols, as secondary metabolites, are abundantly present in plant. Both components play an important role in functional ...properties and quality of food products. Interaction between proteins and polyphenols, yielding “protein-polyphenol conjugate”, spontaneously occurs in most of food systems, and is known to have an impact on sensorial, functional, and nutraceutical properties of the food products.
Protein-polyphenol conjugate can be implemented for improvement of food quality. In this article, mechanism and factors affecting protein-polyphenol interactions as well as the functionalities of protein-polyphenol conjugates, especially solubility, thermal stability, emulsifying, gelling and antioxidant properties, are revisited. The information on potential applications of protein-polyphenol conjugates in emulsions, protein-based films, and protein gels, as well as conjugates-based delivery systems is also discussed and reviewed.
The interaction of proteins and polyphenols mainly results from non-covalent (H-bonding, electrostatic interactions) or covalent bonds taking place mostly based on the oxidation of proteins or polyphenol by enzymatic or non-enzymatic pathways. Moreover, protein-polyphenol interaction greatly depends on environmental conditions such as temperature and pH as well as on the conformation or type of proteins and polyphenols. The protein-polyphenol conjugates with higher thermal stability, antioxidant activities, better emulsifying properties and enhanced gelling property can be used as novel food additives for improvement of functionalities and quality of food products.
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•Protein-polyphenol conjugate is formed by non-enzymatic or enzymatic reactions.•Environmental factors and type of polyphenol or protein mainly affect the interaction.•Protein-polyphenol conjugate shows the superior emulsifying and antioxidant activity.•Protein-polyphenol conjugate with higher protein-crosslinks shows improved gelation.
