The Right to Privacy Richardson, Megan
09/2017, Letnik:
v.Series Number 40
eBook
Using original and archival material, The Right to Privacy traces the origins and influence of the right to privacy as a social, cultural and legal idea. Richardson argues that this right had emerged ...as an important legal concept across a number of jurisdictions by the end of the nineteenth century, providing a basis for its recognition as a universal human right in later centuries. This book is a unique contribution to the history of the modern right to privacy. It covers the transition from Georgian to Victorian England, developments in Second Empire France, insights in the lead up to the Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (BGB) of 1896, and the experience of a rapidly modernising America around the turn of the twentieth century. It will appeal to an audience of academic and postgraduate researchers, as well as to the judiciary and legal practice.
This study explores the influence of mold temperatures below 60°C on thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) properties during injection molding, focusing on phase separation and its impact on mechanical, ...thermal, and viscoelastic properties. Using a combination of micro‐indentation, temperature scanning stress relaxation, and conventional characterization methods, the research highlights how increased mold temperatures promote more distinct phase separation, enhancing mechanical stability and physical properties. The novel use of micro‐indentation revealed a gradient in material stiffness from the surface to the core of injection‐molded samples, attributed to differential cooling rates and shear forces, which affect phase separation and crystallinity of the hard domains. These insights are critical for applications requiring specific surface properties and underscore the importance of understanding the interplay between chemical composition and processing conditions for optimizing TPU properties. Furthermore, the paper shows that tensile testing, differential scanning calorimetry, and Shore hardness cannot quantify the effects of mold temperatures below 60°C. The research highlights the influence and importance of chemical composition, rheological history, and thermal history on the properties of TPU.
Micro Indentation, Temperature Scanning Stress Relaxation, and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis, among other techniques, were used to characterize the differences in local and macro properties of TPU injection molded at 20°C and 60°C.
China is not meeting its international obligations to protect intellectual property rights (IPRs), harming the innovation process in China and elsewhere. We review the benefits of IPR protection and ...discuss the magnitude and cost of China's IPR violations. We also emphasize that these violations undermine the international rule of law and impair China's legitimacy as a leader in evolving global governance institutions. We criticize the argument that China will endogenously improve IPR protection due to internal pressures from its domestic IP sector as the United States and some other countries did in the past. China's governance institutions are very different from those of the liberal Western democracies, past and present, as China has a weak internal rule of law, a fragmented governance system, and cultural traditions that favor collective over individual rights. As China's IP sector develops, its IPR governance regime might even be used as a strategic tool to further disadvantage foreign IPR holders. We argue that China should play a lead role in any international IPR reforms but that it must first establish legitimacy by meeting its current international IPR commitments. We conclude that other countries should take action to pressure China to meet its IPR obligations.
We survey the economic literature, both theoretical and empirical, on the choice of intellectual property protection by firms. Our focus is on the trade-offs between using patents and disclosing ...versus the use of secrecy, although we also look briefly at the use of other means of formal intellectual property protection.
•Analyzes the effect of trade agreements (TAs) with and without IPRs on bilateral trade flows.•Both types of TAs increase bilateral trade flows, but unevenly for developed and developing ...countries.•TAs with IP chapters imply important reforms for developing countries hardly compensated by the trade-related gains.
The global process of strengthening and harmonization of intellectual property rights (IPRs) systems has been intensified in the last twenty five years by the signing of trade agreements (TAs) that include chapters with intellectual property (IP) provisions and other trade-related issues. This paper provides a first exploration of whether and how the signing of TAs with IP chapters influences bilateral trade flows for a balanced panel of 110 countries and the period 1995–2013. We address methodological issues related to the assessment of the effect of TAs on bilateral trade. We use matching econometrics to evaluate the treatment of TAs with and without IP chapters. In addition, we estimate the effects of TAs on bilateral trade in a more dynamic fashion using a panel data approach based on the gravity model. Also, we perform our analysis for trade in low- and high-IP intensive products. We found that both types of TAs increase bilateral trade but TAs with no IPRs chapters have a stronger positive effect on trade. However, if we include lags to consider that TAs with IP chapters might need a longer implementation time, the net expected increase on trade is similar for both types of TAs. We also found that the effects depend on the development level of countries and on the IP intensity of products. We found a clear positive effect for developed countries, but we do not observe important gains for developing countries in all sectors and to all destinations derived from TAs with IP chapters. This raises the question of whether trade gains can compensate the effort related with IP reforms.
As a common two-dimensional carbon material, graphene has been widely doped into polymers to prepare high-performance dielectric materials. However, the shortcomings of graphene, such as large ...specific surface area and poor dispersion, limit its further application. Therefore, in this work, to solve the problem regarding the uniform dispersion of graphene in the matrix, in situ polymerization was used to prepare graphene/polyimide films, in which 1,4-diiodobutane was used as a reduction agent to prevent the aggregation of graphene oxide (GO) during imidization. High dielectric constant composite films were obtained by adjusting the ratio of 1,4-diiodobutane in GO. The results show that the resulting graphene/polyimide composite film possessed a dielectric constant of up to 197.5, which was more than 58 times higher than that of the polyimide (PI) film. Furthermore, compared to the pure PI film, the composite films showed better thermal stability and mechanical properties. Thermal performance tests showed that the 1,4-diiodobutane added during the preparation of the composite film was thermally decomposed, and there was no residue. We believe our preparation method can be extended to other high dielectric composite films, which will facilitate their further development and application in high power density energy storage materials.
In the industrial manufacturing of metals, the achievement of products featuring desired characteristics always requires the control of process parameters in order to obtain a suitable ...microstructure. The strict relationship among process parameters, microstructure, and mechanical properties is a matter of interest in different areas, such as foundry, plastic forming, sintering, welding, etc., and regards both well-established and innovative processes.
Nowadays, circular economy and sustainable technological development are dominant paradigms and impose an optimized use of resources, a lower energetic impact of industrial processes and new tasks for materials and products. In this frame, this Special Issue covers a broad range of research works and contains research and review papers.
•We examine how region-specific institutions moderate the relationship between academic collaborations and innovation performance.•There are significant within-country variations in IPR enforcement, ...international openness and quality of universities and research institutes.•IPR enforcement, international openness and the quality of universities and research institutes increase the effects of academic collaborations on innovation performance.
Although prior research has highlighted the importance of academic collaborations in enhancing firms’ innovation performance, it has largely focused on developed countries. As a result, how academic collaborations influence innovation in emerging countries, which differ fundamentally from developed countries in their institutional environment, remains unclear. We contribute to this literature by examining how collaborations with universities and research institutes influence the ability of Chinese emerging market enterprises (EMEs) to develop innovations. Our analysis challenges the assumption of institutional homogeneity within a given country, showing that institutions evolve in different ways across sub-national Chinese regions. This uneven institutional evolution affects the enforcement of intellectual property rights (IPRs), the level of international openness, the quality of universities and research institutes across regions and thus the degree to which Chinese EMEs benefit from academic collaborations. Our findings reveal that sub-national institutional variations have a profound impact on the relationship between academic collaborations and firms’ innovation performance, illustrate that some established assumptions are not valid in emerging countries, such as China, and offer insights into how EMEs can enhance their innovation performance.
The 1980s and 1990s brought new protections to foreign investors in risky countries. Yet, the assurances failed to meet investors needs, imposed sometimes inordinate costs on poor countries, and ...widely rankled nationalistic sensibilities. The book's case histories suggest reforms for international arbitration and official investment insurance and offer lessons for managers who want to make their investments more secure. Available in OSO: http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/content/economicsfinance/0195310624/toc.html
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